Managing Moist Forests of the Pacific Northwest United States for Climate Positive Outcomes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Forest Carbon Life Cycle Accounting Considerations and Areas of Scientific Debate
2.1. On-Site Forest Carbon Pools
2.2. Off-Site Forest Carbon Pools
2.3. Substitution
2.4. End of Life
2.5. Carbon Carry-Over
2.6. Leakage
3. Climate Change Impacts and Uncertainty in Forest Management
4. Climate Smart Forestry as an Adaptive Management Approach
5. Takeaways for the Moist Forests of the Pacific Northwest
5.1. Managing Trade-Offs between Extended Rotations and Short-Term Wood Supply
5.2. Land Use: Keeping Forests as Forests
5.3. Considering the Role of Forests in Pacific Northwest Climate Policy
5.4. Forest Carbon Incentive Program
6. Conclusions
Recommended Strategies for Optimizing Climate Outcomes from Forest Management
- Develop targets for expanding forest carbon stocks, segmented by ecoregion and ownership. Emphasize storage in ecosystems with high ecological potential and lower risk of losing carbon through climate driven disturbance.
- Maintain the forestland base by employing ‘No net loss of forests’ or ‘no net loss of forest carbon’ policies.
- Maintain a mosaic of age classes across the forest landscape to balance robust growth rates, production of durable wood products, the conservation of old forests, and a gradual transition to older forest age-classes.
- Build wood product and carbon markets, and necessary wood product infrastructure, to move toward longer rotation forestry (50–90 years) in the moist forest region.
- Mitigate potential leakage through comprehensive policy design and careful implementation.
- Differentiate forest management and product pathways that increase the carbon carryover from on-site to off-site carbon pools. Such pathways should be encouraged and paired with long-lived building systems that displace GHG intensive products.
- Align economic incentives (tax breaks, loan guarantees, grants, etc.) to overcome barriers to realizing the most carbon beneficial forest management and wood product pathways.
- Focus on forest practices that mitigate GHG emissions while enhancing adaptive capacity.
- Increase retention at harvest (e.g., leaving wider riparian buffers, leaving groups of standing live and dead trees).
- Expand investments in forest resilience programs to minimize risk of high severity wildfire and reduce climate driven forest mortality, and associated carbon stock loss.
- Employ principles of adaptive governance in state forest practices acts to respond to climate change impacts and build forest carbon stores.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fain, S.J.; Kittler, B.; Chowyuk, A. Managing Moist Forests of the Pacific Northwest United States for Climate Positive Outcomes. Forests 2018, 9, 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9100618
Fain SJ, Kittler B, Chowyuk A. Managing Moist Forests of the Pacific Northwest United States for Climate Positive Outcomes. Forests. 2018; 9(10):618. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9100618
Chicago/Turabian StyleFain, Stephen J., Brian Kittler, and Amira Chowyuk. 2018. "Managing Moist Forests of the Pacific Northwest United States for Climate Positive Outcomes" Forests 9, no. 10: 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9100618