Natural Regeneration after Long-Term Bracken Fern Control with Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) in the Neotropics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Living Bracken Rhizome Biomass Survey
2.4. Balsa Attributes
2.5. Natural Regeneration Survey
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Rhizome Biomass
3.2. Balsa Attributes
Treatment | Weeding | Weeding*Treatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F2,384 | p Value | F2,384 | p Value | F2,384 | p Value | |
O. pyramidale | ||||||
Height (cm) | 106.84 | <0.001 | 43.88 | <0.001 | 10.46 | <0.001 |
Basal area | 35.125 | <0.001 | 40.02 | <0.001 | 5.011 | <0.001 |
Density | 52.939 | <0.001 | 0.029 | 0.923 | 18.52 | <0.001 |
Regeneration | ||||||
Density | 179.71 | <0.001 | 132.907 | 0.001 | 14.49 | <0.001 |
Richness | 113.43 | <0.001 | 48.12 | < 0.001 | 3.39 | <0.001 |
3.3. Natural Regeneration Attributes
Species, Authors, and Family * | Growth Form * | Successional Stage ** | Total Ind. (36 m2) |
---|---|---|---|
Piper aduncum, L., Piperaceae | shrub | ES | 210 |
Euphorbia sp., Euphorbiacea | _ | ES | 192 |
Piper auritum, Kunth., Piperaceae | shrub | ES | 104 |
Podachaenium eminens, Benth. ex Oerst., Astereceae | shrub | ES | 30 |
Bursera simaruba, (L.) Sarg., Burseraceae | tree | ES | 29 |
Swietenia macrophylla, King, Meliaceae | tree | MS | 24 |
Spondias mombin, L., Anacardiaceae | tree | MS | 23 |
Platymiscium dimorphandrum, Donn. Sm., Fabaceae | tree | MS | 17 |
Cecropia obtusifolia, Bertol., Cecropiaceae | tree | ES | 14 |
Heliocarpus appendiculatus, Turcz., Tiliaceae | tree | ES | 11 |
Clibadium arboreum, Donn. Sm., Asteraceae | tree | ES | 10 |
Schizolobium parahyba, (Vell.) S.F. Blake, Fabaceae | tree | ES | 9 |
Sapium lateriflorum, Hemsl., Euphorbiaceae | tree | LS | 4 |
Hamelia patens, Jacq., Rubiaceae | shrub | ES | 4 |
Solanum erianthum, D. Don., Solanaceae | tree | ES | 4 |
Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia, Jacq., Apocynaceae | tree | MS | 2 |
Ardisia paschalis, Donn. Sm., Myrsinaceae | tree | MS | 2 |
Citrus nobilis, Loureiro, Rutaceae | tree | ES | 2 |
Ochroma pyramidale, (Cav. ex. Lam.) Urb., Bombacaceae | tree | ES | 2 |
Leucaena macrophylla, Benth., Fabaceae | shrub | ES | 2 |
Trophis racemosa, (L.) Urb., Moraceae | tree | ES | 2 |
Guarea grandifolia, C. DC., Meliaceae | tree | ES | 2 |
Chionanthus oblanceolatus, (B.L. Rob.) P.S. Green, Oleaceae | tree | ES | 2 |
Ficus maxima, Mill., Moraceae | tree | MS | 1 |
Castilla elastica, Sessé ex Cerv., Moraceae | tree | MS | 1 |
Ceiba pentandra, (L.) Gaertn., Malvaceae | tree | LS | 1 |
Acacia mayana, Lundell, Fabaceae | tree | ES | 1 |
Eupatorium pittieri, Klatt, Asteraceae | shrub | ES | 1 |
Saurauia yasicae, Loes., Actinidaceae | shrub | ES | 1 |
Wimmeria concolor, Schltdl. & Cham., Celastraceae | tree | ES | 1 |
Senna fruticosa, (Mill.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby., Fabaceae | shrub | ES | 1 |
Solanum sp., Solanaceae | shrub | ES | 1 |
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume (Ulmaceae) | tree | ES | 1 |
Total | 711 |
3.4. Correlation among Bracken Rhizome Biomass, Balsa Establishment Treatment, and Natural Regeneration
Rhizome Biomass | O. pyramidale | Regeneration | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Height | Basal Area | Density | Density | Richness | |||
O. pyramidale | Height | –0.539 | ― | ||||
Basal area | –0.556 | 0.959 ‡ | ― | ||||
Density | –0.515 | 0.835 ‡ | 0.828 ‡ | ― | |||
Regeneration | Density | –0.710 ‡ | 0.539 | 0.554 | 0.523 | ― | |
Richness | –0.634 † | 0.464 | 0.486 | 0.473 | 0.813 ‡ | ― |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Levy-Tacher, S.I.; Vleut, I.; Román-Dañobeytia, F.; Aronson, J. Natural Regeneration after Long-Term Bracken Fern Control with Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) in the Neotropics. Forests 2015, 6, 2163-2177. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6062163
Levy-Tacher SI, Vleut I, Román-Dañobeytia F, Aronson J. Natural Regeneration after Long-Term Bracken Fern Control with Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) in the Neotropics. Forests. 2015; 6(6):2163-2177. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6062163
Chicago/Turabian StyleLevy-Tacher, Samuel I., Ivar Vleut, Francisco Román-Dañobeytia, and James Aronson. 2015. "Natural Regeneration after Long-Term Bracken Fern Control with Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) in the Neotropics" Forests 6, no. 6: 2163-2177. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6062163