Index for Characterizing Post-Fire Soil Environments in Temperate Coniferous Forests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Formulating Key Questions
2.2. Reviewing Relevant Literature
2.3. Synthesis
2.4. Evaluation
3. Results and Discussion
Reference | Application | Number of categories | Post-fire characteristic | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unburned | Forest floor | |||||||||||||
Abundant | Present | Absent | ||||||||||||
S | U | B | G | U | B | G | U | B | G | O | ||||
Physical effects | ||||||||||||||
[9] | Values at risk | 3 | --- | |||||||||||
[49] | Water infiltration | 2 | --- | |||||||||||
[50] | Water repellency | 3 | ||||||||||||
[51,52,53] | Erosion | 2 | --- | |||||||||||
[54] | Erosion | 3 | --- | |||||||||||
[56] | Organic matter | 2 | ||||||||||||
[57] | Water repellency | 2 | --- | |||||||||||
[58] | Physical | 4 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |||||
Chemical effects | ||||||||||||||
[31,40] | Nutrient dynamics | 2 | ||||||||||||
[34] | Chemistry | 2 | --- | |||||||||||
[59] | Mineralogy | 2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||
[60] | Nutrient dynamics | 2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||||
[61] | Nitrogen | 2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |||||
[30,62] | Nitrogen | 2 | ||||||||||||
[63] | Chemistry | 3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||||||||
[64] | Nitrogen fixation | 3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |||
Biological effects | ||||||||||||||
[32] | Biological review | 5 | --- | --- | --- | |||||||||
[33] | Shrubs | 2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |||||||
[36] | Seed survival | 3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |||||||
[45] | Seed survival | 5 | --- | --- | ||||||||||
[65,66] | Fungi | 2 | ||||||||||||
[67,68,69] | Vegetation | 3 | --- | |||||||||||
[70] | Vegetation | 4 | ||||||||||||
Soil PFI | Integrated Index | 5 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | |||||||
12 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.4 | ||
[71] | Microbes | 2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |||||
[72] | Vegetation | 3 | --- | |||||||||||
[73] | Forest structure | 4 | ||||||||||||
[74] | Arthropods | 2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||||||||
[75] | Regeneration | 3 | --- | |||||||||||
[76] | Seed survival | 3 | ||||||||||||
Assessment | ||||||||||||||
[7] | Prescribed fire | 4 | ||||||||||||
[8] | Remote sensing | 4 | ||||||||||||
[35] | Remote sensing | 3 | --- | |||||||||||
[37] | Physical setting | 3 | --- | |||||||||||
[38] | Remote sensing | 4 | --- | |||||||||||
[39,77] | Monitoring | 5 | ||||||||||||
[39] (grasslands) | Monitoring | 5 | --- | --- | ||||||||||
[55] | Monitoring | 5 | ||||||||||||
[78] | Monitoring | 3 | --- | |||||||||||
[79] | Remote sensing | 5 | --- | |||||||||||
Literature review | ||||||||||||||
[3] | Soil effects | 3 | --- | |||||||||||
[5] (forests) | Soil effects | 3 | --- | |||||||||||
[5] (grassland) | Soil effects | 3 | --- | --- | ||||||||||
[80] | Fire ecology | 5 | ||||||||||||
Soil PFI | Integrated Index | 5 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | |||||||
12 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.4 |
Soil characteristics | Soil PFI category | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1a | No evidence of a recent fire | 0.0 | |||
1b | Evidence of recent fire | ||||
2a | Surface organic cover ≥85% | 1.0 | |||
2b | Surface organic cover <85% | ||||
3a | Forest floor surface organic cover ≥40% and mineral soil appearance has a plurality of: | 2.0 | |||
4a | unburned mineral soil | 2.1 | |||
4b | black charred mineral soil | 2.2 | |||
4c | gray/white charred mineral soil | 2.3 | |||
4d | orange charred mineral soil | 2.4 | |||
3b | Surface organic cover <40% and mineral soil appearance has a plurality of: | 3.0 | |||
5a | unburned mineral soil | 3.1 | |||
5b | black charred mineral soil | 3.2 | |||
5c | gray/white charred mineral soil | 3.3 | |||
5d | orange charred mineral soil | 3.4 | |||
3c | (Forest floor absent) No surface organic matter left and mineral soil appearance has a plurality of: | 4.0 | |||
6a | unburned mineral soil | 4.1 | |||
6b | black charred mineral soil | 4.2 | |||
6c | gray/white charred mineral soil | 4.3 | |||
6d | orange charred mineral soil | 4.4 |
3.1. Relating the PFI to Fire Severity
Indicator characteristics | Temperature range (°C) | Duration | Soil PFI category byforest floor cover (%) | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
>85 | 40–85 | <45 | 0 | ||||
Forest floor surface | |||||||
Unburned | 40–55 | Daily fluctuations | 0.0 | [82] | |||
Unburned | 17–22 | Daily fluctuations | 0.0 | [83] | |||
Charring of litter | 177–200 | Seconds to minutes | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | [45,46] |
Mineral soil surface | |||||||
Unburned | 30–55 | Daily fluctuations | 2.1 | 3.1 | 4.1 | [82] | |
Unburned | 5–55 | Daily fluctuations | 2.1 | 3.1 | 4.1 | [83] | |
Black ash | 200–300 | >5 minutes | 2.2 | 3.2 | 4.2 | [6,45,46,87] | |
Gray to white ash | 300–400 | 5 minutes to1 hour | 2.3 | 3.3 | 4.3 | [3,45,88] | |
Orange | 400–500>500 | 1 hourSeconds | 2.4 | 3.4 | 4.4 | [3,89] | |
Hydrophobicity intensified | 204–260 | 15 minutes | 3.2 | 4.2 | [90] | ||
177–204 | >15 minutes | ||||||
Hydrophobicity reduced | >288 | >5 minutes | 3.3 | 4.3 | [90] | ||
Combustion of organics | 200–450 | >5 minutes | 2.2 | 3.2 | 4.2 | [48] | |
2.3 | 3.3 | 4.3 | |||||
Laterization process begins | >450 | +1 hr | 3.4 | 4.4 | [48] | ||
Structure stability decreases | 200–450 | Minutes | 3.4 | 4.4 | [91] | ||
Mineralogical changes | 550–600 | >12 minutes | 3.4 | 4.4 | [48,59,88,91] |
3.2. Relating the PFI to Post-Fire Physical Soil Response
3.3. Relating the PFI to Post-Fire Soil Nutrients
3.4. Relating the PFI to Post-Fire Flora and Fauna Response
3.5. Field Validation of Soil
3.6. Ecological Implications and Management Applications
Reference | Application | Number of categories | Post-fire—soils characteristic | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Un-burned | Forest floor | |||||||||||||||
Abundant | Present | Absent | ||||||||||||||
S | U | B | G | O | U | B | G | O | U | B | G | O | ||||
Physical effects | ||||||||||||||||
[9] | Values at risk | 3 | --- | |||||||||||||
Assessment | ||||||||||||||||
[8] | Remote sensing | 4 | ||||||||||||||
[77] | Monitoring | 5 | ||||||||||||||
[7] | Prescribed fire | 4 | ||||||||||||||
[39] | Monitoring | 5 | -- | -- | ||||||||||||
[39] (grasslands) | Monitoring | 5 | --- | |||||||||||||
Soil PFI | Integrated index | 5 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | |||||||||
12 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.4 | ||
Literature review | ||||||||||||||||
[5] (forests) | Soil effects | 3 | --- | |||||||||||||
5 (grassland) | Soil effects | 3 | --- | --- | ||||||||||||
3 | Soil effects | 3 | --- | |||||||||||||
Soil PFI | Integrated index | 5 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | |||||||||
12 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.4 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflict of Interest
References
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Jain, T.B.; Pilliod, D.S.; Graham, R.T.; Lentile, L.B.; Sandquist, J.E. Index for Characterizing Post-Fire Soil Environments in Temperate Coniferous Forests. Forests 2012, 3, 445-466. https://doi.org/10.3390/f3030445
Jain TB, Pilliod DS, Graham RT, Lentile LB, Sandquist JE. Index for Characterizing Post-Fire Soil Environments in Temperate Coniferous Forests. Forests. 2012; 3(3):445-466. https://doi.org/10.3390/f3030445
Chicago/Turabian StyleJain, Theresa B., David S. Pilliod, Russell T. Graham, Leigh B. Lentile, and Jonathan E. Sandquist. 2012. "Index for Characterizing Post-Fire Soil Environments in Temperate Coniferous Forests" Forests 3, no. 3: 445-466. https://doi.org/10.3390/f3030445
APA StyleJain, T. B., Pilliod, D. S., Graham, R. T., Lentile, L. B., & Sandquist, J. E. (2012). Index for Characterizing Post-Fire Soil Environments in Temperate Coniferous Forests. Forests, 3(3), 445-466. https://doi.org/10.3390/f3030445