Safeguarding Local Communities for REDD+ Implementation in Ghana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What is the living condition of local communities in Ghana?
- What is the association between safeguard measures described in the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS) and the living conditions of local communities in Ghana?
- Are the safeguard measures described in documents related to Ghana’s REDD+ program aligned with the determinants of the living conditions of local communities in Ghana?
2. Conceptual Framework
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Sources
- Ghana REDD+ strategy (GRS), 2016;
- Ghana Forest and Wildlife Policy (GFWP), 2012;
- Ghana Benefit Sharing Mechanism (GBSM), 2014;
- Ghana Forest Plantation Strategy (GFPS), 2016–2040.
3.3. Data Analysis
3.3.1. Model Estimation Strategy
3.3.2. Variables and Their Measurements
3.3.3. Principal Component Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Packages of Standard of Living: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4.2. Relationship between Safeguard Measures and Living Conditions of Local Communities
4.3. Alignment of Safeguard Measures in Ghana REDD+ Policy Documents with the Determinants of Local Communities’ Living Conditions
5. Discussion
5.1. Sharecropping
5.2. Literacy
5.3. Extension Access
5.4. Limitations of This Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable List | Description | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|
AmntMan | Men average wage | 74.05 | 120.18 |
AmntWoman | Woman average wage | 32.80 | 44.39 |
CropOnce | Dummy for crop cultivated once | 0.66 | 0.47 |
CropTwice | Dummy for crop cultivated twice | 0.24 | 0.42 |
Tree Crop | Dummy for tree crop cultivated | 0.07 | 0.26 |
OtherCrop | Dummy for other crops | 0.03 | 0.16 |
PropShare | Proportion of sharecroppers | 0.18 | 0.26 |
ExtenComm | Extension access | 0.19 | 0.39 |
AdultLitComm | Adult literacy | 0.12 | 0.33 |
Mobphone | Mobile phone network | 0.82 | 0.38 |
FinanInst | Financial institution | 0.35 | 0.47 |
DailyMkt | Daily market | 0.28 | 0.45 |
Age | Age | 46.37 | 5.55 |
HHsize | Household size | 4.55 | 1.41 |
Sex | Sex | 0.69 | 0.17 |
EduYear | Education years | 0.12 | 0.10 |
PropTimePoor | Proportion of time poor | 0.34 | 0.23 |
PropEconAct | Proportion of economic active | 0.79 | 0.19 |
Coastal | Dummy for coastal zone | 0.23 | 0.39 |
Forest | Dummy for forest zone | 0.40 | 0.48 |
Savanna | Dummy for savanna zone | 0.37 | 0.48 |
Variable | Comp1 1 | Comp2 1 | Unexplained | KMO 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Motorable road | 0.4918 | 0.1953 | 0.000 | 0.7097 |
Electricity | 0.5738 | 0.2405 | 0.000 | 0.6055 |
Migrate out | −0.2536 | 0.9507 | 0.000 | 0.6436 |
Transport access | 0.6038 | 0.0116 | 0.000 | 0.5971 |
Overall | 0.6237 |
Variables | Regression Models | ||
---|---|---|---|
OLS | Poisson | Negative Binomial | |
Men average wage | −0.001 *** | −0.001 | −0.001 |
(0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
Woman average wage | 0.001 *** | −0.001 *** | −0.001 *** |
(0.000) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
Crop cultivated twice | 0.085 *** | 0.004 | 0.004 |
(0.021) | (0.019) | (0.019) | |
Tree crops | 0.132 *** | −0.131 *** | −0.131 *** |
(0.027) | (0.029) | (0.029) | |
Other crops | 0.052 | −0.161 *** | −0.161 *** |
(0.043) | (0.034) | (0.034) | |
Proportion of sharecroppers | 0.142 *** | −0.057 * | −0.057 * |
(0.035) | (0.032) | (0.032) | |
Extension access | 0.219 *** | 0.101 *** | 0.101 *** |
(0.020) | (0.018) | (0.018) | |
Adult literacy | 0.187 *** | 0.149 *** | 0.149 *** |
(0.032) | (0.026) | (0.026) | |
Mobile phone network | 0.525 *** | 0.571 *** | 0.571 *** |
(0.031) | (0.031) | (0.031) | |
Financial institution | 0.019 | 0.092 *** | 0.092 *** |
(0.022) | (0.018) | (0.018) | |
Daily market | 0.133 *** | 0.083 *** | 0.083 *** |
(0.022) | (0.018) | (0.018) | |
Age | 0.017 *** | 0.006 *** | 0.006 *** |
(0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
Household size | −0.048 *** | −0.052 *** | −0.052 *** |
(0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
Sex | −0.670 *** | −1.130 *** | −1.130 *** |
(0.069) | (0.057) | (0.057) | |
Elderly in community | −0.917 *** | −0.645 *** | −0.645 *** |
(0.140) | (0.121) | (0.121) | |
Education years | 0.079 *** | 0.040 *** | 0.040 *** |
(0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
Proportion of time poor | 0.118 ** | −0.022 | −0.022 |
(0.046) | (0.037) | (0.037) | |
Proportion of economic active | 0.052 | −0.029 | −0.029 |
(0.062) | (0.051) | (0.051) | |
Forest zone | −0.154 *** | −0.354 *** | −0.354 *** |
(0.019) | (0.017) | (0.017) | |
Savanna zone | −0.230 *** | −0.124 *** | −0.124 *** |
(0.030) | (0.026) | (0.026) | |
Constant | −0.998 *** | ||
(0.155) | |||
Lnalpha | −21.532 | ||
(0.000) | |||
Observations | 9203 | 9203 | 9203 |
R−squared | 0.321 |
Policy Document | Safeguard Measures Specified in the Policy Documents | Cancun Safeguards | Determinants of Living Conditions of Local Communities | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sharecropping | Extension Access | Literacy | Mobile Phone Network | Financial Institution | Daily Community Market | |||
GFWP |
| √ | ||||||
| √ | |||||||
| √ | |||||||
| A–G | |||||||
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| √ | |||||||
| √ | √ | √ | |||||
GBSM |
| |||||||
| D–F | √ | ||||||
| ||||||||
GFPS |
| √ | ||||||
| √ | |||||||
| A–G | √ | ||||||
| ||||||||
| √ | √ | ||||||
GNRS |
| √ | ||||||
| A–G | |||||||
|
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Share and Cite
Andoh, J.; Martey, E.; Obeng, E.A.; Oduro, K.A.; Salimath, P.; Lee, Y. Safeguarding Local Communities for REDD+ Implementation in Ghana. Forests 2024, 15, 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081349
Andoh J, Martey E, Obeng EA, Oduro KA, Salimath P, Lee Y. Safeguarding Local Communities for REDD+ Implementation in Ghana. Forests. 2024; 15(8):1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081349
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndoh, Jewel, Edward Martey, Elizabeth Asantewaa Obeng, Kwame Antwi Oduro, Pone Salimath, and Yohan Lee. 2024. "Safeguarding Local Communities for REDD+ Implementation in Ghana" Forests 15, no. 8: 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081349
APA StyleAndoh, J., Martey, E., Obeng, E. A., Oduro, K. A., Salimath, P., & Lee, Y. (2024). Safeguarding Local Communities for REDD+ Implementation in Ghana. Forests, 15(8), 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081349