Investigating the Impact of Garden Plant Smellscapes on Human Well-Being: A Case Study of Pine Forests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Garden Plants and Their Connections to Human Health
1.2. Health Benefits of Aromas in Garden Plants
1.3. The Concept and Characteristics of a Smellscape
1.4. An Overview of Human Olfactory Perception Assessment Methodologies
1.5. An Overview of Smellscape Evaluation Methods
1.6. A Review of the Impact of Garden Plant Smellscapes on Human Health
1.7. The Purpose and Significance of the Research
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
- Impact of plant fragrances on human well-being: The first section explores the effect of pine scent on human physiological and psychological well-being. This experiment simulates the influence of pine aroma, common in garden settings, on various physiological and psychological indicators.
- Influence of visual landscapes: The second section examines the impact of visual landscapes associated with the scent of pine trees. The experimental materials consist of visual images depicting pine tree environments, used to simulate the effects of visual stimuli associated with the aroma of pine trees on various physiological and psychological indicators.
- The combined impact of scent and visual stimulation: This section explores the interactive effects of fragrance from landscape plants with visual stimuli. The experiment simulates the influence of the scent of pine tree and the visual scene of a pine forest on physiological and psychological indicators of the human body.
2.2. Test Site
2.3. Subjects
2.4. Research Methods and Test Materials Collection
2.4.1. Physiological Assessments Methods
2.4.2. Psychological Assessments Methods
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Demographic Analysis
3.2. Changes in Physiological Indicator Data
3.2.1. The Alterations Observed in Autonomic Nervous System Metrics
3.2.2. The Alterations Observed in Central Nervous System Metrics
3.2.3. Differences in Physiological Effects Resulting from Various Types of Stimuli Encountered in Garden Plant Smellscapes
3.3. Changes in Psychological Indicator Data
3.3.1. The Alterations Observed in State Anxiety Scale Scores
3.3.2. The Alterations Observed in Odor Emotion SD Scale Scores
3.3.3. The Diverse Psychological Impacts of Various Stimuli Linked to a Garden’s Smellscape
4. Discussion
4.1. Investigation into the Impact of Olfactory Cues on Physiological Parameters
4.2. Investigation into the Impact of Visual Cues on Physiological Parameters
4.3. Investigation into the Impact of Synchronized Olfactory–Visual Cues on Physiological Response Metrics
4.4. Investigation into the Impact of Olfactory, Visual, and Their Interactions on Psychometric Measures
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basic Information | O | V | O and V | C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity (Pct.) | Quantity (Pct.) | Quantity (Pct.) | Quantity (Pct.) | ||
Gender | male | 7 (30%) | 6 (25%) | 2 (8%) | 6 (25%) |
female | 16 (70%) | 18 (75%) | 22 (92%) | 18 (75%) | |
Sample size | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
Type of Stimulus (Independent Variable) | Dependent Variable (Unit) | Before | During | T | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
O | SBP (mm Hg) | 107.72 | 11.89 | 106.04 | 11.66 | 1.637 |
V | 104.96 | 11.75 | 99.38 | 9.92 | 2.508 * | |
O and V | 106.75 | 9.98 | 105.85 | 7.98 | 0.566 | |
C | 106.54 | 9.15 | 104.94 | 7.10 | 1.406 | |
O | DBP (mm Hg) | 63.63 | 7.24 | 64.35 | 7.40 | −0.895 |
V | 60.56 | 4.52 | 61.63 | 4.21 | −1.555 | |
O and V | 63.38 | 6.05 | 65.88 | 7.03 | −2.445 * | |
C | 61.00 | 7.93 | 62.46 | 5.85 | −1.421 | |
O | PP (mm Hg) | 44.09 | 8.36 | 41.70 | 8.88 | 2.597 * |
V | 44.40 | 10.03 | 39.78 | 6.43 | 3.077 ** | |
O and V | 43.38 | 7.40 | 39.98 | 4.40 | 2.838 ** | |
C | 45.54 | 6.84 | 42.48 | 5.15 | 2.899 ** | |
O | P (bpm) | 73.63 | 8.94 | 75.48 | 7.24 | −2.116 * |
V | 71.63 | 8.87 | 72.60 | 8.92 | −1.074 | |
O and V | 74.58 | 8.14 | 74.35 | 9.43 | 0.239 | |
C | 74.38 | 10.47 | 74.40 | 7.86 | −0.21 | |
O | SC (µΩ) | 2.12 | 1.46 | 1.89 | 1.34 | 2.241 * |
V | 3.22 | 2.45 | 2.99 | 2.28 | 2.757 * | |
O and V | 1.72 | 1.43 | 1.66 | 1.28 | 0.865 | |
C | 3.35 | 2.05 | 2.88 | 2.06 | 3.284 * | |
O | α waves (µV) | 16.49 | 8.96 | 11.36 | 5.40 | 3.521 ** |
V | 13.96 | 7.12 | 16.13 | 8.12 | −1.912 | |
O and V | 22.08 | 19.79 | 21.98 | 14.57 | 0.059 | |
C | 19.78 | 17.16 | 14.60 | 10.52 | 2.486 * | |
O | β waves (µV) | 11.42 | 6.06 | 8.47 | 5.10 | 2.954 ** |
V | 9.07 | 5.32 | 10.89 | 5.14 | −2.940 ** | |
O and V | 15.91 | 12.46 | 15.88 | 10.49 | 0.033 | |
C | 13.37 | 12.65 | 10.11 | 9.15 | 2.537 * |
P (LSD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
O | V | O and V | ||
SC | C | -- | -- | 0.009 |
α waves | O | -- | -- | 0.017 |
C | -- | 0.005 | -- | |
β waves | V | 0.000 | -- | 0.031 |
C | -- | 0.002 | -- |
Type of Stimulus (Independent Variable) | Dependent Variable (Unit) | Before | During | T | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
O | S-AI (score) | 34.09 | 7.68 | 33.65 | 7.85 | 0.270 |
V | 36.13 | 7.55 | 30.96 | 4.59 | 3.234 ** | |
O and V | 34.25 | 5.89 | 31.50 | 7.96 | 1.862 | |
C | 35.33 | 7.12 | 33.21 | 7.96 | 1.596 |
Sig. (Double Tail) | Z | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | O and V | ||
“thick–light” | C | -- | −3.196 | −4.073 |
O and V | 0.000 | -- | -- | |
O | 0.001 | -- | -- | |
“lazy–exciting” | C | -- | −2.383 | −2.318 |
O | 0.017 | -- | -- | |
O and V | 0.020 | -- | -- | |
“no vitality–life vigor” | O | -- | -- | −1.973 |
O and V | -- | 0.049 | -- |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Zhang, X.; Zhang, Q. Investigating the Impact of Garden Plant Smellscapes on Human Well-Being: A Case Study of Pine Forests. Forests 2024, 15, 1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101794
Zhang X, Zhang Q. Investigating the Impact of Garden Plant Smellscapes on Human Well-Being: A Case Study of Pine Forests. Forests. 2024; 15(10):1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101794
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xinguo, and Qixiang Zhang. 2024. "Investigating the Impact of Garden Plant Smellscapes on Human Well-Being: A Case Study of Pine Forests" Forests 15, no. 10: 1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101794
APA StyleZhang, X., & Zhang, Q. (2024). Investigating the Impact of Garden Plant Smellscapes on Human Well-Being: A Case Study of Pine Forests. Forests, 15(10), 1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101794