Planted or Natural Pine Forests, Which One Will Better Recover after Drought? Insights from Tree Growth and Stable C and H Isotopes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites and Tree Species
2.2. Climate Data
2.3. Field Sampling and Dendrochronological Data
2.4. Processing Tree-Ring Width Data
2.5. Isotopic Analyses
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Patterns and Climate-Growth Relationships
3.2. Growth Resilience Indices
3.3. Stable Isotopes (δ13C, δ2H)
4. Discussion
4.1. Growth Patterns and Responses to Climate in Planted and Natural Forests
4.2. Improved Growth Resilience in Natural Forests
4.3. Forest Type and Drought Effects on Isotopic Signals (δ13C and δ2H)
4.4. Implications for Forest Management
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Stand Type | Site | Lat. (N) | Long. (W) | DBH (cm) | H (m) | G (m2 ha-1) | N (Trees ha-1) | Elev (m) | Exp | Slope (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinus pinaster | N | PPNMA | 36.59 | 4.96 | 33.4(1.7) | 8.2(0.3) | 15.7 | 180 | 400 | SW | 35–65 |
P | PPPMA | 36.49 | 5.12 | 32.2(3.2) | 8.8(0.4) | 10.6 | 130 | 260 | S | >65 | |
N | PPNGR | 37.23 | 3.45 | 33.2(0.8) | 10.6 (0.6) | 20.7 | 240 | 1320 | NE | 35–65 | |
P | PPPGR | 37.24 | 2.57 | 12.9(0.6) | 7.4(0.3) | 16.5 | 1250 | 1300 | NW | 35–65 | |
Pinus nigra | N | PNNGR | 37.08 | 3.46 | 60.4(4.2) | 7.8(0.4) | 71.8 | 250 | 1700 | N | 35–65 |
P | PNPGR | 37.04 | 3.55 | 27.4(1.1) | 13.1 (0.3) | 27.2 | 460 | 1425 | NW | 2 | |
N | PNNAL | 37.26 | 2.52 | 81.2(5.9) | 9.5(0.3) | 41.5 | 80 | 1800 | NW | 35–65 | |
P | PNPAL | 37.22 | 2.56 | 15.8(0.5) | 9.5(0.3) | 17.6 | 900 | 1725 | N | 35–65 |
Species | Site | Timespan (No. Years) | TRW (cm) | BAI20 (cm2 Year−1) | MS | Rbar | AC1 | EPS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. pinaster | PPNMA | 1960–2017 (57) | 2.90 (0.14) ** | 9.41 (1.60) *** | 0.332 | 0.594 | 0.668 | 0.957 |
PPPMA | 1936–2017 (81) | 1.95 (0.09) | 6.44 (0.65) | 0.373 | 0.687 | 0.644 | 0.982 | |
PPNGR | 1973–2017(45) | 2.56 (0.26) *** | 6.42 (0.51) *** | 0.312 | 0.476 | 0.868 | 0.948 | |
PPPGR | 1975–2016(41) | 1.94 (0.31) | 2.28 (0.34) | 0.373 | 0.567 | 0.887 | 0.966 | |
P. nigra | PNNGR | 1869–2020 (151) | 1.72 (0.05) *** | 11.65 (2.33) *** | 0.297 | 0.529 | 0.724 | 0.895 |
PNPGR | 1964–2020 (56) | 2.07 (0.16) | 5.89 (0.52) | 0.451 | 0.618 | 0.784 | 0.973 | |
PNNAL | 1747–2020 (273) | 1.05 (0.02) *** | 7.60 (2.43) ** | 0.345 | 0.503 | 0.741 | 0.853 | |
PNPAL | 1977–2016 (39) | 2.12 (0.22) | 3.43 (0.36) | 0.338 | 0.510 | 0.796 | 0.949 |
Species | Stand Type | Site | δ13C (‰) | δ2H (‰) | iWUE (μmol mol−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinus pinaster | Málaga | PPNMA | −25.11 (0.50). | −61.39 (1.24) * | 109.81 (5.83) |
PPPMA | −24.43 (0.83) | −57.28 (3.27) | 116.97 (9.37) | ||
Granada | PPNGR | −25.33 (0.47) * | −65.15 (1.80) | 110.05 (2.38) * | |
PPPGR | −23.79 (0.31) | −68.56 (4.03) | 123.93 (3.78) | ||
PPN | −25.24 (0.33) | −63.64 (1.29) | 108.95 (2.22) | ||
PPP | −24.11 (0.43) | −60.93 (3.22) | 120.44 (4.93) | ||
Pinus nigra | Granada | PNNGR | −24.51 (0.34) | −76.83 (6.04) * | 116.22 (3.88) |
PNPGR | −23. 82 (0.57) | −66.69 (5.37) | 123.94 (6.27) | ||
Almería | PNNAL | −25.65 (0.19) ** | −60.09 (1.22) * | 103.00 (2.11) * | |
PNPAL | −24.28 (0.31) | −53.98 (1.75) | 118.86 (3.89) | ||
PNN | −25.08 (0.25) | −69.29 (3.81) * | 109.61 (2.90) * | ||
PNP | −24.05 (0.31) | −58.67 (2.23) | 121.40 (3.60) |
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Navarro-Cerrillo, R.M.; Cachinero-Vivar, A.M.; Ruiz-Gómez, F.J.; Camarero, J.J.; González-Pérez, J.A.; Pérez-Priego, Ó. Planted or Natural Pine Forests, Which One Will Better Recover after Drought? Insights from Tree Growth and Stable C and H Isotopes. Forests 2023, 14, 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030573
Navarro-Cerrillo RM, Cachinero-Vivar AM, Ruiz-Gómez FJ, Camarero JJ, González-Pérez JA, Pérez-Priego Ó. Planted or Natural Pine Forests, Which One Will Better Recover after Drought? Insights from Tree Growth and Stable C and H Isotopes. Forests. 2023; 14(3):573. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030573
Chicago/Turabian StyleNavarro-Cerrillo, Rafael Mª, Antonio M. Cachinero-Vivar, Francisco J. Ruiz-Gómez, J. Julio Camarero, José A. González-Pérez, and Óscar Pérez-Priego. 2023. "Planted or Natural Pine Forests, Which One Will Better Recover after Drought? Insights from Tree Growth and Stable C and H Isotopes" Forests 14, no. 3: 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030573
APA StyleNavarro-Cerrillo, R. M., Cachinero-Vivar, A. M., Ruiz-Gómez, F. J., Camarero, J. J., González-Pérez, J. A., & Pérez-Priego, Ó. (2023). Planted or Natural Pine Forests, Which One Will Better Recover after Drought? Insights from Tree Growth and Stable C and H Isotopes. Forests, 14(3), 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030573