A Spatial Relationship between Canopy and Understory Leaf Area Index in an Old-Growth Cool-Temperate Deciduous Forest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Leaf Area Index
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Distribution of LAI
3.2. The Relationship among Layers
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatial Distribution of LAI and Relationship among Layers
4.2. Rapid Changes in LAI Estimated from 2 Years of Measurements
4.3. Future Task
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Trees (No/ha) | Basal Area 1 (m2/ha) | Relative Trees (%) | Relative Basal Area (%) | Average DBH 2 (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fagus crenata | 220 | 27.250 | 23.305 | 82.510 | 29.797 |
Betula ermanii | 5 | 1.168 | 0.530 | 3.535 | 48.020 |
Aesculus turbinata | 17 | 0.924 | 1.801 | 2.799 | 22.237 |
Acer nipponicum | 183 | 0.914 | 19.386 | 2.767 | 7.612 |
Hydrangea paniculata | 132 | 0.521 | 13.983 | 1.577 | 6.945 |
Chengiopanax sciadophylloides | 22 | 0.502 | 2.331 | 1.519 | 15.066 |
Acer japonicum | 74 | 0.435 | 7.839 | 1.316 | 8.182 |
Viburnum furcatum | 87 | 0.266 | 9.216 | 0.804 | 6.166 |
Phellodendron amurense | 10 | 0.189 | 1.059 | 0.573 | 13.920 |
Sorbus commixta | 34 | 0.173 | 3.602 | 0.523 | 7.712 |
Cornus controversa | 54 | 0.166 | 5.720 | 0.504 | 6.205 |
Padus grayana | 21 | 0.100 | 2.225 | 0.303 | 7.618 |
Acer pictum | 1 | 0.095 | 0.106 | 0.287 | 34.728 |
Euonymus macropterus | 18 | 0.074 | 1.907 | 0.223 | 7.075 |
Acer rufinerve | 11 | 0.069 | 1.165 | 0.210 | 8.826 |
Corylus sieboldiana | 23 | 0.057 | 2.436 | 0.173 | 5.591 |
Tilia japonica | 7 | 0.057 | 0.742 | 0.171 | 9.572 |
Symplocos sawafutagi | 20 | 0.052 | 2.119 | 0.158 | 5.723 |
Acer tschonoskii | 2 | 0.008 | 0.212 | 0.025 | 7.257 |
Toxicodendron trichocarpum | 3 | 0.008 | 0.318 | 0.025 | 5.931 |
Total | 944 | 33.027 |
Year | Layer | Average (LAI) | SE 1 (LAI) | CV (LAI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | LAI0 | 3.66 | 0.0386 | 11.6 |
LAI2.5 | 2.41 | 0.0659 | 31.1 | |
2019 | LAI0 | 3.01 | 0.0428 | 15.7 |
LAI2.5 | 2.17 | 0.0711 | 36.0 | |
LAI5 | 2.00 | 0.0828 | 45.6 |
Study | Site (Region) | Method or Tool | Time | LAI (±SE) | Dominant Species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
This study | Kayanodaira (Nagano, Japan) | NIR/PAR ratio | August 2018 | 2.5 (±0.039) | Fagus crenata |
This study | Kayanodaira (Nagano, Japan) | NIR/PAR ratio | August 2019 | 2.2 (±0.082) | Fagus crenata |
Kume et al., 2011 [15] | Takayama (Gifu, Japan) | NIR/PAR ratio | June 2006 | 5.1 | Betula ermanii, Quercus crispula |
Nasahara et al., 2008 [3] | Takayama (Gifu, Japan) | PAR transmittance | 2005~2006 | 5.1~5.9 | Betula ermanii, Quercus crispula |
Nasahara et al., 2008 [3] | Takayama (Gifu, Japan) | Litter fall | 2005~2006 | 5.0 | Betula ermanii, Quercus crispula |
Nasahara et al., 2008 [3] | Takayama (Gifu, Japan) | LAI-2000 1 | 2005~2006 | 3.0 | Betula ermanii, Quercus crispula |
Melnikova et al., 2018 [22] | Takayama (Gifu, Japan) | PAR transmittance | May~August 2013 | 5.9 | Betula ermanii, Quercus crispula |
Melnikova et al., 2018 [22] | Takayama (Gifu, Japan) | Litter fall | May~August 2013 | 5.0 | Betula ermanii, Quercus crispula |
Melnikova et al., 2018 [22] | Takayama (Gifu, Japan) | remote sensing by satellite | May~August 2013 | 5.5 | Betula ermanii, Quercus crispula |
Bequet et al., 2012 [11] | Flanders (Belgium) | Hemispherical photographs | August 2008 | 2.5~3.3 | Fagus sylvatica Quercus robur |
Granier et al., 2008 [23] | Hesse forest (north-eastern France) | Litter fall | 1996~2005 | 4.6~7.2 | Fagus sylvatica |
Ngao et al., 2011 [24] | Hesse forest (north-eastern France) | LAI-2000 1 | 2004 | 4~8.1 | Fagus sylvatica |
Cerny et al., 2020 [25] | Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest (Křtiny, Czech) | Litter fall | 2013 | 5.2~5.6 | Fagus sylvatica |
Cerny et al., 2020 [25] | Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest (Křtiny, Czech) | Needle Technique | 2013 | 3.4~6.0 | Fagus sylvatica |
Cerny et al., 2020 [25] | Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest (Křtiny, Czech) | LAI-2000 1 | 2013 | 4.5~5.1 | Fagus sylvatica |
Glatthorn et al., 2018 [26] | eastern, Slovakia | LAI-2000 1 | 2013 | 6.2 (±0.39) | Fagus sylvatica |
Glatthorn et al., 2018 [26] | eastern, Slovakia | Litter fall | 2013 | 8.5 (±0.54) | Fagus sylvatica |
Asner et al., 2003 [2] | Various | Various | Various | 5.1 (±0.13) | Various |
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Tanioka, Y.; Cai, Y.; Ida, H.; Hirota, M. A Spatial Relationship between Canopy and Understory Leaf Area Index in an Old-Growth Cool-Temperate Deciduous Forest. Forests 2020, 11, 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11101037
Tanioka Y, Cai Y, Ida H, Hirota M. A Spatial Relationship between Canopy and Understory Leaf Area Index in an Old-Growth Cool-Temperate Deciduous Forest. Forests. 2020; 11(10):1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11101037
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanioka, Yosuke, Yihan Cai, Hideyuki Ida, and Mitsuru Hirota. 2020. "A Spatial Relationship between Canopy and Understory Leaf Area Index in an Old-Growth Cool-Temperate Deciduous Forest" Forests 11, no. 10: 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11101037