Podophyllotoxin Isolated from Podophyllum peltatum Induces G2/M Phase Arrest and Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Cell Culture
2.3. MTS Assay
2.4. Soft Agar Assay
2.5. Cell Cycle Distribution Analysis
2.6. Annexin V/7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) Stained Cell Counting
2.7. Western Blots
2.8. ROS Assay
2.9. Measurement of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
2.10. Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Fractionation
2.11. Caspase Activity
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. PT Suppresses ESCC Cell Proliferation and Colony-Forming Ability
3.2. PT Induces G2/M Phase Arrest of Cell Cycle in KYSE 30 and KYSE 450 Cells
3.3. PT Induces Intracellular ROS Generation and Activates ROS-Dependent MAPK Pathway
3.4. PT Induces Apoptosis of ESCC Cells via Reduction of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and its Pathway
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yoon, G.; Lee, M.-H.; Kwak, A.-W.; Oh, H.-N.; Cho, S.-S.; Choi, J.-S.; Liu, K.; Chae, J.-I.; Shim, J.-H. Podophyllotoxin Isolated from Podophyllum peltatum Induces G2/M Phase Arrest and Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Forests 2020, 11, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010008
Yoon G, Lee M-H, Kwak A-W, Oh H-N, Cho S-S, Choi J-S, Liu K, Chae J-I, Shim J-H. Podophyllotoxin Isolated from Podophyllum peltatum Induces G2/M Phase Arrest and Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Forests. 2020; 11(1):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoon, Goo, Mee-Hyun Lee, Ah-Won Kwak, Ha-Na Oh, Seung-Sik Cho, Joon-Seok Choi, Kangdong Liu, Jung-Il Chae, and Jung-Hyun Shim. 2020. "Podophyllotoxin Isolated from Podophyllum peltatum Induces G2/M Phase Arrest and Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells" Forests 11, no. 1: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010008