Branch Occlusion and Discoloration under the Natural Pruning of Mytilaria laosensis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Distribution of Branch Occlusions
3.2. Temporal Distribution of Branch Occlusion
3.3. Models for Branch Occlusion
3.3.1. Branch Occlusion Time
3.3.2. Dead Branch Stub Length
3.3.3. Branch Exsertion Angle
3.3.4. Branch Discoloration Length
3.4. Wood Discoloration
4. Discussion
4.1. Branch Distribution
4.2. Branch Occlusion Time
4.3. Branch Exsertion Angle
4.4. Discoloration
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Definition | Unit |
---|---|---|
Tree-level variables | ||
H | Tree total height | (m) |
DBH | Diameter at breast height | (cm) |
HCB | Height of the crown base | (m) |
CD | Diameter of the crown | (m) |
Branch-level variables | ||
EA | Branch exsertion angle | (°) |
BH | Branch height on stem | (m) |
YD | Year of branch death | (year) |
YO | Year of branch complete occlusion | (year) |
OT | Branch occlusion time | (year) |
IROT | Mean stem radial increment during | (mm/year) |
the branch occlusion | ||
OB | Occluded branch | |
OBD CT | Occluded branch diameter Cork tissue (0 = absent, 1 = present) | (mm) |
DBSL | Dead branch stub length | (mm) |
DL | Discoloration length | (mm) |
DSW | Discoloration in stem wood | |
(0 = absent, 1 = present) | ||
Model descriptors | ||
a, b, c | Coefficient of fixed effect | |
t, tb | Subscripts for tree, branch | |
α, β, γ | Coefficient of random effect | |
Ln ( ) | Natural log-link | |
RMSE | Root mean squared error | |
R2(c). R2(m) | Conditional and marginal R2 |
Variables | Unit | Minimum–Maximum | Mean |
---|---|---|---|
Tree total height | m | 16.4–22.8 | 19.3 |
Diameter at breast height | cm | 17.2–25.3 | 21.1 |
Height of the live crown base | m | 4.2–8.8 | 6.8 |
Diameter of the crown | m | 6.5–10.4 | 8.6 |
Variables (Abbreviation) | Unit | Minimum–Maximum | Mean |
---|---|---|---|
Branch exsertion angle (EA) | (°) | 3.9–98.5 | 54.1 |
Branch height on the stem (BH) | (m) | 0.1–18.8 | 9.5 |
Year of branch death (YD) | (year) | 2–8 | 2.6 |
Branch occlusion time (OT) | (year) | 1–10 | 4.6 |
Mean stem radial increment during | (mm/year) | 1.3–55 | 11.1 |
branch occlusion (IROT) | |||
Occluded branch diameter (OBD) | (mm) | 4.7–59.1 | 23.7 |
Dead branch stub length (DBSL) | (mm) | 6.1–148.5 | 47.2 |
Discoloration length (DL) | (mm) | 17.2–193.3 | 100.3 |
Discoloration in stem wood (DSW) | 0–1 | 0.09 |
Equation | Response Variable | Parameters | Predictor Variable | Estimate | SE | R2(m) | R2(c) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equation (1) | Branch occlusion time (OT) * | a0 | Intercept | 1.361 | 0.037 | 56.29% | - |
a1 | OBD | 0.022 | 0.003 | ||||
a2 | DBSL | 0.016 | 0.001 | ||||
a3 | IROT | −0.062 | 0.004 | ||||
Equation (2) | Dead branch stub length (DBSL) * | a0 | Intercept | 2.935 | 0.133 | 9.56% | - |
a1 | OBD * | 0.226 | 0.039 | ||||
Equation (3) | Branch exsertion angle (EA) * | a0 | Intercept | 4.49 | 0.052 | 12.51% | 16.94% |
a1 | OBD * | −0.174 | 0.015 | ||||
γpt | 0.013 | 0.005 | |||||
Equation (4) | Branch discoloration length (DL) * | a0 | Intercept | 3.846 | 0.129 | 17.64% | 26.17% |
a1 | OT | 0.082 | 0.003 | ||||
a2 | OBD * | 0.312 | 0.016 | ||||
a3 | EA * | −0.165 | 0.026 | ||||
δpt | 0.013 | 0.004 | |||||
Equation (5) | Probability of wood discoloration (DSW) | a0 | Intercept | −3.645 | 0.282 | 57.18% | 81.54% |
a1 | OT | 0.282 | 0.051 | ||||
εptb | 0.012 | 0.004 |
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Qin, G.; Hao, J.; Yang, J.; Li, R.; Yin, G. Branch Occlusion and Discoloration under the Natural Pruning of Mytilaria laosensis. Forests 2019, 10, 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100892
Qin G, Hao J, Yang J, Li R, Yin G. Branch Occlusion and Discoloration under the Natural Pruning of Mytilaria laosensis. Forests. 2019; 10(10):892. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100892
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Guoming, Jian Hao, Jinchang Yang, Rongsheng Li, and Guangtian Yin. 2019. "Branch Occlusion and Discoloration under the Natural Pruning of Mytilaria laosensis" Forests 10, no. 10: 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100892