A Review of Centrifugal Testing of Gasoline Contamination and Remediation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Benzene is the most hazardous of these compounds. Its EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) is 5 parts per billion (ppb). Long-term exposures to benzene in drinking water at levels above the MCL increase the risk of cancer.
- Toluene and ethylbenzene are not considered carcinogenic (cancer-causing). Their MCLs are 1.0 and 0.7 parts per million (ppm). Over the long term, however, toluene and ethylbenzene damage the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system.
- Xylenes are a mixture of compounds (ortho-, meta-, and para-xylene) with two methyl (−CH3) groups attached to a benzene ring. Xylenes also affect the liver, kidneys, and nervous system, but they are not considered nearly as hazardous as the first three—the MCL for total xylenes is 10 ppm.
- Corrosion and leak protection in tanks.
- Provisions for spills during transportation and operation.
- Monitoring and Testing tanks in service.
2. Size and Shape of Contamination Plume
2.1. Centrifugal Modeling
2.2. Simulation of LUST under Stationary Groundwater Table
2.3. Simulation of LUST under Flowing Groundwater
3. In-situ Remediation of Gasoline
3.1. SVE Remediation
3.2. IAS Remediation
4. Remediation and Reuse of Gasoline Contaminated Soils
Mica.................................................. | 20.0% Maximum |
Water Absorption.............................. | 2.0% Maximum |
Sodium Sulfate Soundness, Loss...... | 5.0% Maximum |
Plasticity Index.................................. | Non-plastic |
Clay and clay lumps.......................... | 5.0% Maximum |
5. Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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Contaminants | Migration for 1 year | SVE for 2 months | SVE for 4 months |
---|---|---|---|
Benzene | 46% | 13% | 9% |
Toluene | 88% | 53% | 32% |
Ethylbenzene | 90% | 64% | 41% |
o-Xylene | 100% | 58% | 36% |
Total BTEX | 88% | 53% | 32% |
Sample No. | Particle size (mm) | Dry density (g/cm3) | Porosity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.8–1.0 | 1.617 | 35 |
2 | 1.5–2.0 | 1.684 | 33 |
3 | 4.0–5.0 | 1.676 | 33 |
4 | 0.8–5.0 | 1.953 | 22 |
Sample No. | g level | Static water pressure (kPa) (1) | Critical AS pressure (kPa) (2) | (2)-(1) (kPa) (3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 15 | 64.8 | 100 | 35.2 |
30 | 112.4 | 170 | 57.6 | |
2 | 15 | 68.1 | 105.0 | 36.9 |
30 | 134.2 | 180.0 | 45.8 | |
40 | 170.7 | 240.0 | 69.3 | |
50 | 204.5 | 300.0 | 95.5 | |
3 | 15 | 72 | 110.0 | 38.0 |
30 | 137.5 | 180.0 | 42.5 | |
40 | 178.3 | 230.0 | 51.7 | |
50 | 211.6 | 290.0 | 78.4 | |
4 | 15 | 66.9 | 100.0 | 33.1 |
30 | 129.8 | 180.0 | 50.2 | |
40 | 168.3 | 240.0 | 71.7 | |
50 | 203.3 | 300.0 | 96.7 |
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Meegoda, J.N.; Hu, L. A Review of Centrifugal Testing of Gasoline Contamination and Remediation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 3496-3513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083496
Meegoda JN, Hu L. A Review of Centrifugal Testing of Gasoline Contamination and Remediation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011; 8(8):3496-3513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083496
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeegoda, Jay N., and Liming Hu. 2011. "A Review of Centrifugal Testing of Gasoline Contamination and Remediation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8, no. 8: 3496-3513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083496