Assessment of Water Quality in Asa River (Nigeria) and Its Indigenous Clarias gariepinus Fish
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Water Sampling
2.3. Fish Sampling and Tissue Preparation
2.4. Physico-Chemical Analysis
2.5. Bacteriological Analysis
2.6. Histological Investigations
2.6.1. Examination for Alteration in General Tissue Structure
2.6.2. Sectioning
2.6.3. Haematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) Staining for General Tissue Structure
2.6.4. Examination of Bacterial Density in Tissues
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Liver
Intestine
Bacteria in Liver
Bacteria in Intestine
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
- Conflict of Interest StatementsThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Parameter measured | Sampling Points | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ap (point 1) | Bp (point 2) | Cp (point 3) | Dp (point 4) | |
pH | 6.43 ± 0.25 a | 6.32 ± 0.28a | 6.33 ± 0.30 a | 6.32 ± 0.26 a |
Temp. (°C) | 25.20 ± 0.56 a | 24.50 ± 0.22 a | 24.90 ± 0.46 a | 25.30 ± 0.25 a |
TSS (mg/L) | 1,163.40 ± 242.23 b | 993.40 ± 267.81 b | 766.60 ± 347.47 b | 1,498.60 ± 627.78 b |
TDS (mg/L) | 1,201.40 ± 308.14 b | 1,799.80 ± 1072.71 b | 704.60 ± 231.53 b | 754.60 ± 198.71a |
COD (mg/L) | 33.60 ± 7.78 a | 58.40 ± 13.21a | 27.20 ± 5.12 a | 23.20 ± 5.43a |
BOD (mg/L) | 14.00 ± 7.15 a | 12.12 ± 2.68a | 11.28 ± 2.38 a | 6.48 ± 2.10 a |
Sampling Points | Total Heterotrophic count (TH) (cfu/mL) | Total Coliform count (TC) (cfu/100mL) | Total Thermotolerant Coliform count (TTC) (cfu/100mL) | Freshwater Quality Standard Limit (Faecal coliforms per 100 mL) * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ap (point 1) | 1.24 × 104 ± 2,891.27 a | 3.56 × 103 ± 844.16 a | 2.99 × 103 ± 767.03 a | 200 |
Bp (point 2) | 1.24 × 104 ± 3,414.67 a | 4.50 × 103 ± 804.36 a | 2.49 × 103 ± 641.57 a | 200 |
Cp (point 3) | 1.79 × 104 ± 6,615.26 a | 5.24 × 103 ± 1,088.39 a | 3.22 × 103 ± 701.00 a | 200 |
Dp (point 4) | 1.09 × 104 ± 2,309.46 a | 3.84 × 103 ± 946.89 a | 2.88 × 103 ± 876.58 a | 200 |
Sampling Period | Total Heterotrophic count (TH) (cfu/mL) | Total Coliform count (TC) (cfu/100mL) | Total Thermotolerant Coliform count (TTC) (cfu/100mL) | Freshwater Quality Standard Limit (Faecal coliforms per 100 mL) * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Week 1 | 1.12 × 104 ± 2,015.564 ab | 3.77 × 103 ± 311.92 a | 2.67 × 103 ± 661.28 ab | 200 |
Week 2 | 1.84 × 104 ± 3084.47 b | 6.07 × 103 ± 878.80 b | 3.80 × 103 ± 435.89 bc | 200 |
Week 3 | 1.50 × 104 ± 408.25 ab | 6.20 × 103 ± 906.46 b | 4.80 × 103 ± 624.50 c | 200 |
Week 4 | 1.77 × 104 ± 8,410.06 ab | 3.05 × 103 ± 723.99 a | 1.96 × 103 ± 366.59 a | 200 |
Week 5 | 4.70 × 103 ± 624.50 a | 2.32 × 103 ± 232.29 a | 1.24 × 103 ± 189.80 a | 200 |
Sampling Period | Mean total coliform counts (TC) (cfu/100mL) | Mean total thermotolerant coliform counts (TTC) (cfu/100mL) | Percentage TTC in TC (%) | Faecal Coliform Index (TTC: TC Ratio) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Week 1 | 3.77 × 103 | 2.67 × 103 | 70.86 | 0.71 |
Week 2 | 6.07 × 103 | 3.80 × 103 | 62.55 | 0.63 |
Week 3 | 6.20 × 103 | 4.80 × 103 | 77.42 | 0.77 |
Week 4 | 3.05 × 103 | 1.96 × 103 | 64.51 | 0.65 |
Week 5 | 2.32 × 103 | 1.24 × 103 | 53.55 | 0.54 |
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Kolawole, O.M.; Ajayi, K.T.; Olayemi, A.B.; Okoh, A.I. Assessment of Water Quality in Asa River (Nigeria) and Its Indigenous Clarias gariepinus Fish. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 4332-4352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8114332
Kolawole OM, Ajayi KT, Olayemi AB, Okoh AI. Assessment of Water Quality in Asa River (Nigeria) and Its Indigenous Clarias gariepinus Fish. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011; 8(11):4332-4352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8114332
Chicago/Turabian StyleKolawole, Olatunji M., Kolawole T. Ajayi, Albert B. Olayemi, and Anthony I. Okoh. 2011. "Assessment of Water Quality in Asa River (Nigeria) and Its Indigenous Clarias gariepinus Fish" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8, no. 11: 4332-4352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8114332
APA StyleKolawole, O. M., Ajayi, K. T., Olayemi, A. B., & Okoh, A. I. (2011). Assessment of Water Quality in Asa River (Nigeria) and Its Indigenous Clarias gariepinus Fish. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(11), 4332-4352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8114332