Alcohol Abuse in Pregnant Women: Effects on the Fetus and Newborn, Mode of Action and Maternal Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. History of Alcohol Effects in Pregnancy
3. Genetic factors
3.1. Genetic Susceptibility to Alcoholism
3.2. Genetic Susceptibility to Fetal Alcohol Effect
3.3. Familial Susceptibility
4. Effects on the Developing Embryo and Fetus
4.1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Alcohol Effects
4.2. Criteria for Diagnosis
5. Anomalies of the Organ Systems
5.1. Oro-Facial Clefts
5.2. Cardiac Anomalies
5.3. Neural Tube Defects
5.4. Renal Anomalies
5.5. Atopic Dermatitis
5.6. Behavioral and Developmental Changes
5.7. Psychiatric Disorders
6. Mechanism of Alcohol Teratogenicity
6.1. Oxidative Stress
6.2. Disturbed Prostaglandin Synthesis
6.3. Effects on Neurons
6.4. Endocrine Effect
6.5. Gene Expression
7. Prevention and Treatment
7.1. Prevention
7.2. Treatment during Pregnancy
7.3. Lactation
7.4. Early Recognition of Fetal Alcohol Exposure
8. Prevention and Treatment of Alcohol Exposed Pregnant Animals
9. Conclusions
References
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Ornoy, A.; Ergaz, Z. Alcohol Abuse in Pregnant Women: Effects on the Fetus and Newborn, Mode of Action and Maternal Treatment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7, 364-379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7020364
Ornoy A, Ergaz Z. Alcohol Abuse in Pregnant Women: Effects on the Fetus and Newborn, Mode of Action and Maternal Treatment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2010; 7(2):364-379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7020364
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrnoy, Asher, and Zivanit Ergaz. 2010. "Alcohol Abuse in Pregnant Women: Effects on the Fetus and Newborn, Mode of Action and Maternal Treatment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7, no. 2: 364-379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7020364