Biological Effects and Safety in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Review
1
ITENI Laboratory, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
2
Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy
3
MRI Laboratory, G. Monasterio Foundation and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
4
Cell Biology and Cytogenetics Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6(6), 1778-1798; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6061778
Received: 4 May 2009 / Accepted: 5 June 2009 / Published: 10 June 2009
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health: How Safe Is Cardiac Imaging?)
Abstract
Since the introduction of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic technique, the number of people exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has increased dramatically. In this review, based on the results of a pioneer study showing in vitro and in vivo genotoxic effects of MRI scans, we report an updated survey about the effects of non-ionizing EMF employed in MRI, relevant for patients’ and workers’ safety. While the whole data does not confirm a risk hypothesis, it suggests a need for further studies and prudent use in order to avoid unnecessary examinations, according to the precautionary principle. View Full-Text
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
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Hartwig, V.; Giovannetti, G.; Vanello, N.; Lombardi, M.; Landini, L.; Simi, S. Biological Effects and Safety in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 1778-1798.
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