Maternal Smoking,GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Exposure Assessment
- GSTM1 forward 5′-GAA CTC CCT GAA AAG CTA AAG C-3′and reverse 5′-GTT GGG CTC AAA TAT ACG GTG G-3′;
- GSTT1 forward 5′-TTC CTT ACT GGT CCT CAC ATC TC-3′ and reverse 5′-TCA CCG GAT CAT GGC CAG CA-3′.
2.2. Statistical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results
3.2. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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Maternal characteristics | Total | Smoking during pregnancy (%) | Exact test | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N | None | Yes | p |
Age: | ||||
≤ 20 y | 28 | 71.4 | 28.6 | |
21 – 30 y | 402 | 86.8 | 13.2 | |
>30 y | 216 | 92.1 | 7.9 | 0.004 |
Education: | ||||
university | 309 | 96.8 | 3.2 | |
college and ≤ 12 y | 337 | 79.8 | 20.2 | < 0.001 |
Marital status: | ||||
married | 493 | 92.3 | 7.7 | |
not married | 153 | 73.9 | 26.1 | < 0.001 |
Parity: | ||||
1st | 320 | 89.1 | 10.9 | |
2rd and more | 326 | 86.8 | 13.2 | 0.38 |
Pregnancy history: | ||||
no prior | 517 | 87.2 | 12.8 | |
losses | 129 | 90.7 | 9.3 | 0.28 |
Gestational age: | ||||
≥ 37 weeks | 600 | 87.5 | 12.5 | |
< 37 weeks | 46 | 93.5 | 6.5 | 0.23 |
Blood pressure: | ||||
≤ 140 – 90 mm/Hg | 558 | 87.8 | 12.2 | |
> 140/90 mm/Hg | 88 | 88.6 | 11.4 | 0.83 |
Stress: | ||||
no | 523 | 88.5 | 11.5 | |
yes | 123 | 85.4 | 14.6 | 0.33 |
Mother diseases: | ||||
no | 474 | 88.8 | 11.2 | 0.25 |
yes | 172 | 85.5 | 14.5 | |
Body mass index (BMI): | ||||
normal - overweight (25.1 – 30) | 558 | 87.8 | 12.2 | 0.83 |
obesity (> 30) | 88 | 88.6 | 11.4 | |
Smoking before pregnancy: | ||||
none | 461 | 100.0 | 0.0 | |
1 – 9 cigs./d. | 169 | 60.4 | 39.6 | |
> 9 cigs./d. | 16 | 31.3 | 68.8 | < 0.001 |
Smoking duration before pregnancy: | ||||
non smoker | 461 | 100.0 | 0.0 | |
1 – 5 y | 122 | 66.4 | 33.6 | |
6 – 10 y | 47 | 44.7 | 55.3 | |
> 10 y | 16 | 31.3 | 68.7 | < 0.001 |
Mean birth weight (g), ± SD | 3,436 ± 24 | 3,445 ± 25 | 3,365 ± 59 | 0.21 |
Maternal characteristics | Cases LBW | Controls | Inferential statistics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | OR | 95% CI | |
Age: | ||||||
21 – 30 y | 26 | 45.6 | 376 | 63.8 | 1 | |
≤ 20 y | 5 | 8.8 | 23 | 3.9 | 3.14 | 1.11 – 8.94 |
> 30 y | 26 | 45.6 | 190 | 32.3 | 1.98 | 1.12 – 3.50 |
Education: | ||||||
university | 28 | 49.1 | 281 | 47.7 | 1 | |
college & < 12 y | 29 | 50.9 | 308 | 52.3 | 0.95 | 0.55 – 1.63 |
Marital status: | ||||||
married | 37 | 64.9 | 456 | 77.4 | 1 | |
not married | 20 | 36.1 | 133 | 22.6 | 1.85 | 1.04 – 3.30 |
Parity: | ||||||
1st | 26 | 45.6 | 294 | 49.9 | 1 | |
2nd and more | 31 | 54.4 | 295 | 50.1 | 1.19 | 0.69 – 2.05 |
Previous pregnancy history: | ||||||
no prior | 42 | 73.7 | 475 | 80.6 | 1 | |
losses | 15 | 26.3 | 114 | 19.4 | 1.49 | 0.80 – 2.78 |
Blood pressure: | ||||||
≤ 120/80 – 140 – 90 mm/Hg | 52 | 91.2 | 506 | 85.9 | 1 | |
> 140/90 mm/Hg | 5 | 8.8 | 83 | 14.1 | 0.59 | 0.23 – 1.51 |
Stress: | ||||||
no | 45 | 78.9 | 478 | 81.2 | 1 | |
yes | 12 | 21.1 | 111 | 18.8 | 1.15 | 0.59 – 2.24 |
Mother diseases: | ||||||
no | 41 | 71.9 | 433 | 73.5 | 1 | |
yes | 16 | 28.1 | 156 | 16.5 | 1.08 | 0.59 – 1.99 |
Body mass index (BMI): | ||||||
BMI > 30 | 7 | 12.3 | 135 | 22.9 | 1 | |
BMI ≤ 30 | 50 | 87.7 | 454 | 77.1 | 2.12 | 0.94 – 4.79 |
Smoking during pregnancy: | ||||||
non smoker | 39 | 68.4 | 422 | 71.6 | 1 | |
≤ 9 cig. | 17 | 29.8 | 152 | 25.8 | 0.87 | 0.45 – 1.68 |
> 9 cig. | 1 | 1.8 | 15 | 2.5 | 1.97 | 0.78 – 5.02 |
Genotype | Smoking status | N | LBW, % | Crude OR 95% CI | Adjusted* OR 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | Never | 342 | 8.8 | ||
Quitter | 86 | 10.5 | 1.22 0.55 – 2.67 | 1.18 0.53 – 2.62 | |
Smoking | 52 | 11.5 | 1.36 0.54 – 3.44 | 1.21 0.44 – 3.31 | |
GSTT1 | Never | 289 | 9.0 | ||
Present | Smoking | 38 | 15.8 | 1.90 0.73 – 4.96 | 2.06 0.67 – 6.37 |
GSTT1 | Never | 53 | 7.5 | ||
Absent | Smoking | 14 | 0 | ||
GSTM1 | Never | 168 | 8.9 | ||
Present | Smoking | 31 | 9.7 | 1.09 0.30 – 4.0 | 1.11 0.26 – 4.76 |
GSTM1 | Never | 174 | 8.6 | ||
Absent | Smoking | 21 | 14.3 | 1.77 0.47 – 6.69 | 1.91 0.43 – 8.47 |
**Interaction: smoking x GSTM1 absent | OR 1.62 (0.25 – 10.4), p = 0.60; OR* 1.54 (0.25 – 9.91), p = 0.59 | ||||
GSTT1 & GSTM1 | Never | 145 | 9.7 | ||
Present | Smoking | 22 | 13.6 | 1.48 0.39 – 5.62 | 1.49 0.33 – 6.79 |
GSTT1 present & | Never | 144 | 8.3 | ||
GSTM1 absent | Smoking | 16 | 18.8 | 2.54 0.63 – 10.2 | 3.31 0.60 – 18.4 |
**Interaction: smoking x GSTT1 present & GSTM1 absent | OR 1.72 (0.25 – 11.8), p = 0.58; OR* 1.45 (0.22 – 10.1), p = 0.66 |
Genotype | Smoking status | N | LBW, % | Crude OR 95% CI | Adjusted* OR 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | Never | 325 | 4.0 | ||
Quitter | 80 | 3.8 | 0.94 0.26 – 2.36 | 0.85 0.23 – 3.10 | |
Smoking | 50 | 8.0 | 2.09 0.65 – 6.68 | 1.57 0.45 – 5.55 | |
GSTT1 | Never | 274 | 4.0 | ||
Present | Smoking | 36 | 11.1 | 2.99 0.90 – 9.94 | 2.63 0.65 – 10.6 |
GSTT1 | Never | 51 | 3.9 | ||
Absent | Smoking | 14 | 0 | ||
GSTM1 | Never | 158 | 3.2 | ||
Present | Smoking | 30 | 6.7 | 2.19 0.40 – 11.8 | 2.00 0.30 – 13.2 |
GSTM1 | Never | 167 | 4.8 | ||
Absent | Smoking | 20 | 10.0 | 2.21 0.44 – 11.2 | 1.70 0.28 – 10.4 |
**Interaction: smoking x GSTM1 absent | OR 1.01 (0.10 – 10.5), p = 0.99; OR* 0.98 (0.09 – 10.3), p = 0.99 | ||||
GSTT1 & GSTM1 | Never | 136 | 3.7 | ||
Present | Smoking | 21 | 9.5 | 2.76 0.50 – 15.2 | 2.66 0.38 – 18.5 |
GSTT1 present & | Never | 138 | 4.3 | ||
GSTM1 absent | Smoking | 15 | 13.3 | 3.39 0.62 – 18.5 | 2.47 0.31 – 13.1 |
**Interaction: smoking x GSTT1 present & GSTM1 absent | OR 1.23 (0.11 – 13.7), p = 0.87; OR* 1.10 (0.10 – 12.6), p = 0.93 |
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Grazuleviciene, R.; Danileviciute, A.; Nadisauskiene, R.; Vencloviene, J. Maternal Smoking,GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 1282-1297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6031282
Grazuleviciene R, Danileviciute A, Nadisauskiene R, Vencloviene J. Maternal Smoking,GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2009; 6(3):1282-1297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6031282
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrazuleviciene, Regina, Asta Danileviciute, Ruta Nadisauskiene, and Jone Vencloviene. 2009. "Maternal Smoking,GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6, no. 3: 1282-1297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6031282