Smoking Patterns in Ghanaian Civil Servants: Changes Over Three Decades
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distribution of current smokers (n/N) | Smoking prevalence (95% confidence intervals)a | Ex-smoking prevalence (95% confidence intervals)a | Distributio n of current smokers (n/N) | Smoking prevalenceb | Ex-smoking prevalenceb | |
Age groups (years) 25–34 35–44 45–54 >=55 All ages a | 2/125
10/156 18/218 11/116 41/615 | 1.6 (0.2 –5.7)
6.4 (3.1–11.5) 8.3 (5.0–12.7) 9.5 (4.8–16.3) 6.1 (4.8–8.9) | 7.2 (3.3–13.2)
5.8 (2.7–10.7) 10.6 (6.8–15.4) 6.0 (2.5–12.0) 7.3 (5.8–10.2) | 0/107
1/93 0/140 0/60 1/400 | 0
1.1 0 0 0.3 | 0
0 0.7 1.7 0.5 |
Level of education Primary Secondary Tertiary | 22/189
8/153 11/269 | 9.7 (7.4 –17.1)
4.5 (2.3–10.07) 3.6 (2.1–7.2) | 9.1 (6.6–15.9)
5.1 (2.3–10.0) 6.9 (4.6–11.2) | 0/88
0/161 0.1/147 | 0
0 0.7 | 2.27
0 0 |
Civil service employment grade Unskilled Clerical Professional Director | 23/164
2/105 15/253 1/93 | 11.9 (9.1–20.3)
1.5 (0.2–6.7)5.7 (3.4–9.6) 0.6 (0.03–5.8) | 9.9 (6.2–16.1)
5.8 (3.3 –14.5) 7.7 (4.9–11.9) 3.8 (0.7–9.1) | 0/47
0/200 1/127 0/26 | 0
0 0.8 0 | 2.1
0 0 0 |
Alcohol use Never Stopped Once/week 2–3 times/week 4 or more/week | 8/244
2/42 11/173 5/88 15/68 | 3.3 (1.4–6.4)
4.8 (0.6–16.1) 5.4 (3.2–11.1) 4.5 (1.9–12.8) 22.1 (12.9–33.8) | 2.7 (0.9–5.3)
22.6 (13.9–42.0) 5.2 (2.8–10.4) 11.2 (4.0–17.1) 17.5 (10.6–30.5) | 0/220
0/21 1/140 0/11 0/8) | 0
0 0.7 0 0 | 0.5
0 0.7 0 0 |
Marital status Single Married Divorced Widowed | 3/100
34/487 2/18 2/4 | 6.0 (0.6–8.5)
5.7 (4.9–9.6)5.4 (1.4–34.7) 14.5 (6.8–93.2) | 2.3 (2.2–12.6)
6.8 (5.4–10.2) 13.6 (9.7–53.5) 0 | 0/102
0/227 1/45 0/26 | 0
0 2.2 0 | 0
0.9 0 0 |
Religion Christian Muslim Other | 37/541
3/48 1/20 | 6.1 (4.9–9.3)
6.5 (1.3–17.2) 4.3 (0.1–24.9) | 7.3 (5.8–10.5)
6.9 (1.3–17.2) 8.8 (0.1–24.9) | 0/386
1/6 0/5 | 0
16.7 0 | 0.5
0 0 |
Study between 1973 and 1976 (Pobeeet al.)[10] | Study conducted in 2003 (Ghana Demographic and Health Survey) [13] | Study conducted in 2006 | |
---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 688 | 5015 | 1015 |
Setting | Accra | Ghana | Accra |
Participants | 20% of all civil servants | Nationally representative sample of men aged 15–59 years from 6251 households throughout Ghana | All civil servants from 7 randomly sampled ministries |
Prevalence of smoking | 32% in men and 5.9% in women | 9% in men | 6.7% in men and 0.3% in women* |
Mean number of cigarettes/day | 7 in men and 4.7 in women | 3.7 per day with 78% smoking 1–5 cigarettes per day | 4.3 in men and 3 in women* |
Age and smoking | Highest prevalence in 20–29 year group. Mean number of cigarettes/day lower in 20 –29 compared to 50 –59 year olds | Highest prevalence in the oldest age group (35 years and above) | Highest prevalence in >=55 years. Mean number smoked/day similar in those less than 35 and those >=55 years old |
Socioeconomic status and smoking | Similar prevalence in high and low earners. Mean number of cigarettes/day higher in professionals compared to lower salaried workers. | Higher prevalence in rural (10.8%) compared to urban areas (6.8%). Higher prevalence in those with no education and those in the lowest wealth quintile | Higher prevalence in lower socioeconomic group. Mean number of cigarettes/day higher in lower grades of employment compared to higher |
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Addo, J.; Smeeth, L.; Leon, D.A. Smoking Patterns in Ghanaian Civil Servants: Changes Over Three Decades. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 200-208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6010200
Addo J, Smeeth L, Leon DA. Smoking Patterns in Ghanaian Civil Servants: Changes Over Three Decades. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2009; 6(1):200-208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6010200
Chicago/Turabian StyleAddo, Juliet, Liam Smeeth, and David A. Leon. 2009. "Smoking Patterns in Ghanaian Civil Servants: Changes Over Three Decades" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6, no. 1: 200-208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6010200