A Bayesian Logistic Regression Approach to Investigating the Determinants Associated with Never Having Been Screened for Cervical Cancer Amongst Child-Bearing-Age Women in Jordan
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Ethical Consideration
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Category | Weighted Total | Weighted Prevalence |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | % (95% CI) | ||
Age group (years) | 15–24 | 1084 (8.6) | 9.9 (9.4–10.4) |
25–34 | 4016 (31.9) | 34.0 (33.2–34.8) | |
35–49 | 7485 (59.5) | 56.1 (55.3–56.9) | |
Education level | No education | 268 (2.1) | 2.4 (2.2–2.6) |
Primary | 783 (6.2) | 6.8 (6.4–7.2) | |
Secondary | 7178 (57.0) | 57.8 (57.0–58.6) | |
Higher | 4357 (34.6) | 33.1 (32.3–33.9) | |
Smoking status | Non-smoker | 11,526 (91.6) | 92.6 (92.2–93.0) |
Smoker | 1060 (8.4) | 7.4 (7.0–7.8) | |
Residence type | Urban | 11,468 (91.1) | 90.6 (90.1–91.1) |
Rural | 1117 (8.9) | 9.4 (8.9–9.9) | |
Nationality | Jordanian | 11,145 (88.6) | 9246 (87.7) |
Egyptian | 61 (0.5) | 54 (0.5) | |
Syrian | 979 (7.8) | 891 (8.4) | |
Iraqui | 69 (0.5) | 60 (0.6) | |
Other Arab nationalities | 275 (2.2) | 241 (2.3) | |
Not Arab nationalities | 56 (0.4) | 55 (0.5) | |
Currently breastfeeding | No | 11,401 (90.6) | 9451 (89.6) |
Yes | 1184 (9.4) | 1096 (10.4) | |
Wealth status | Poor | 5097 (40.5) | 4618 (43.8) |
Middle | 2688 (21.4) | 2247 (21.3) | |
Rich | 4801 (34.1) | 3682 (34.9) | |
Self-reported health status | Good | 10,790 (85.7) | 9106 (86.3) |
Moderate | 1621 (12.9) | 1316 (12.5) | |
Bad | 174 (1.4) | 125 (1.2) | |
Covered by health insurance | No | 3904 (31.0) | 3253 (30.8) |
Yes | 8682 (69.0) | 7294 (69.2) | |
Marital status | Single | - | - |
Married | 11,615 (92.3) | 9705 (92.0) | |
Living with partner | - | - | |
Widowed | 358 (2.8) | 311 (2.9) | |
Divorced | 601 (4.8) | 521 (4.9) | |
No longer living together/separated | 12 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | |
Employment status | Not working | 10,872 (86.4) | 9190 (87.1) |
Working | 1715 (13.6) | 1358 (12.9) | |
Ever been tested for HIV | No | 12,313 (97.8) | 10,348 (98.1) |
Yes | 272 (2.2) | 199 (1.9) |
Covariate | Posterior Mean | Posterior Standard Error | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 3.96 | 1.33 | 52.43 (30.55–93.59) * |
Age group (Ref: 15–24) | |||
25–34 | −0.78 | 1.17 | 0.46 (0.34–0.62) * |
35–49 | −1.32 | 1.16 | 0.27 (0.20–0.36) * |
Education level (Ref: No education) | |||
Primary | −0.58 | 1.29 | 0.56 (0.34–0.91) * |
Secondary | −0.84 | 1.26 | 0.43 (0.27–0.66) * |
Higher | −0.81 | 1.27 | 0.45 (0.28–0.69) * |
Smoking status (Ref: Non-smoker) | |||
Smoke | −0.28 | 1.10 | 0.75 (0.63–0.91) * |
Residence type (Ref: Urban) | |||
Rural | 0.10 | 1.08 | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) |
Nationality (Ref: Jordanian) | |||
Egyptian | 0.28 | 1.51 | 1.33 (0.63–3.22) |
Syrian | 0.44 | 1.11 | 1.55 (1.26–1.90) * |
Iraqui | 0.88 | 1.94 | 2.42 (0.76–10.93) |
Other Arab nationalities | 0.23 | 1.21 | 1.26 (0.89–1.86) |
Not Arab nationalities | 1.46 | 2.30 | 4.30 (1.03–27.74) * |
Currently breastfeeding (Ref: No) | |||
Yes | 0.50 | 1.12 | 1.64 (1.31–2.07) * |
Wealth status (Ref: Poor) | |||
Middle | −0.50 | 1.08 | 0.61 (0.53–0.71) * |
Rich | −0.87 | 1.07 | 0.42 (0.37–0.48) * |
Self-reported health status (Ref: Good) | |||
Moderate | −0.30 | 1.08 | 0.74 (0.64–0.87) * |
Bad | −0.78 | 1.22 | 0.46 (0.32–0.67) * |
Covered by health insurance (Ref: No) | |||
Yes | 0.14 | 1.07 | 1.15 (1.00–1.31) |
Marital status (Ref: Married) | |||
Widowed | 0.22 | 1.17 | 1.25 (0.92–1.73) |
Divorced | 0.37 | 1.17 | 1.45 (1.08–1.96) * |
No longer living together/separated | 0.59 | 2.44 | 1.80 (0.41–13.07) |
Employment status (Ref: Not working) | |||
Working | 0.09 | 1.08 | 1.10 (0.93–1.28) |
Ever been tested for HIV (Ref: No) | |||
Yes | −0.60 | 1.18 | 0.55 (0.40–0.75) * |
Accuracy | 0.864 |
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Mbona, S.V.; Ananth, A.; Chifurira, R. A Bayesian Logistic Regression Approach to Investigating the Determinants Associated with Never Having Been Screened for Cervical Cancer Amongst Child-Bearing-Age Women in Jordan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071000
Mbona SV, Ananth A, Chifurira R. A Bayesian Logistic Regression Approach to Investigating the Determinants Associated with Never Having Been Screened for Cervical Cancer Amongst Child-Bearing-Age Women in Jordan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(7):1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071000
Chicago/Turabian StyleMbona, Sizwe Vincent, Anisha Ananth, and Retius Chifurira. 2025. "A Bayesian Logistic Regression Approach to Investigating the Determinants Associated with Never Having Been Screened for Cervical Cancer Amongst Child-Bearing-Age Women in Jordan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 7: 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071000
APA StyleMbona, S. V., Ananth, A., & Chifurira, R. (2025). A Bayesian Logistic Regression Approach to Investigating the Determinants Associated with Never Having Been Screened for Cervical Cancer Amongst Child-Bearing-Age Women in Jordan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(7), 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071000