Investigating Drug Treatment Costs and Patient Characteristics of Female Breast, Cervical, Colorectal, and Prostate Cancers in Antigua and Barbuda: A Retrospective Data Study (2017–2021)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Area and Population
2.2. Sample Size
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data and Cost Variables
2.5. Data Management
2.6. Data Analysis
2.7. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Information
3.2. Univariate Linear Regression
3.3. Multivariable Linear Regression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
SLBMC | Sir Lester Bird Medical Centre |
TCCEC | The Cancer Centre of the Eastern Caribbean |
MBS | Medical Benefits Scheme |
ICD-10 | International Classification of Diseases Tenth Edition |
AJCC 8Ed | American Joint Committee on Cancer Classification Staging Manual Eight Edition |
FIGO | International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics |
NCD | Noncommunicable Disease |
PSA | Prostate-Specific Antigen |
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Female Breast Cancer (n = 105) 43% | Cervical Cancer (n = 27) 11% | Colorectal Cancer (n = 40) 16% | Prostate Cancer (n = 70) 29% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Female Breast N (%) | Characteristic | Cervical N (%) | Characteristic | Colorectal N (%) | Characteristic | Prostate N (%) |
Age | Age | Age | Age | ||||
Mean (SD) | 56.3 (12.4) | Mean (SD) | 52.5 (15.8) | Mean (SD) | 66.7 (11.6) | Mean (SD) | 67.1 (7.5) |
95% CI | 53.9–58.7 | 95% CI | 46.3–58.8 | 95% CI | 63.0–70.4 | 95% CI | 65.3–68.8 |
Median (IQR) | 57.0 (17.0) | Median (IQR) | 51.0 (15.0) | Median (IQR) | 67.5 (13.5) | Median (IQR) | 68.0 (12.0) |
Range | 31–94 | Range | 30–86 | Range | 42–87 | Range | 51–85 |
Age Group | Age Group | Age Group | Age Group | ||||
30–34 | 6 (5.7) | 30–34 | 4 (14.8) | 30–34 | 0 | 30–34 | 0 |
35–39 | 3 (2.9) | 35–39 | 2 (7.4) | 35–39 | 0 | 35–39 | 0 |
40–44 | 7 (6.7) | 40–44 | 2 (7.4) | 40–44 | 3 (7.5) | 40–44 | 0 |
45–49 | 15 (14.3) | 45–49 | 5 (18.5) | 45–49 | 0 | 45–49 | 0 |
50–54 | 14 (13.3) | 50–54 | 3 (11.1) | 50–54 | 4 (10.0) | 50–54 | 1 (1.4) |
55–59 | 22 (21.0) | 55–59 | 5 (18.5) | 55–59 | 3 (7.5) | 55–59 | 12 (17.1) |
60–64 | 11 (10.5) | 60–64 | 0 | 60–64 | 5 (12.5) | 60–64 | 13 (18.6) |
65–69 | 14 (13.3) | 65–69 | 1 (3.7) | 65–69 | 8 (20.0) | 65–69 | 16 (22.9) |
70–74 | 8 (7.6) | 70–74 | 2 (7.4) | 70–74 | 9 (22.5) | 70–74 | 15 (21.4) |
75+ | 5 (4.8) | 75+ | 3 (11.1) | 75+ | 8 (20.0) | 75+ | 13 (18.6) |
Vital Status | Vital Status | Vital Status | Vital Status | ||||
Died | 11 (10.5) | Died | 11 (40.7) | Died | 3 (7.5) | Died | 10 (14.3) |
Alive | 94 (89.5) | Alive | 16 (59.3) | Alive | 37 (92.5) | Alive | 60 (85.7) |
Year | Year | Year | Year | ||||
2017–2019 | 58 (55.2) | 2017–2019 | 15 (55.6) | 2017–2019 | 11 (27.5) | 2017–2019 | 29 (41.4) |
2020–2021 | 47 (44.8) | 2020–2021 | 12 (44.4) | 2020–2021 | 29 (72.5) | 2020–2021 | 41 (58.6) |
Parish (Area of Residence) | Parish (Area of Residence) | Parish (Area of Residence) | Parish (Area of Residence) | ||||
Other Parishes | 47 (44.8) | Other Parishes | 10 (37.0) | Other Parishes | 20 (50.0) | Other Parishes | 29 (41.4) |
St. John | 58 (55.2) | St. John | 17 (63.0) | St. John | 20 (50.0) | St. John | 41 (58.6) |
Marital Status Known | Marital Status Known | Sex | Marital Status Known | ||||
No | 64 (61.0) | No | 12 (44.4) | Female | 22 (55.0) | No | 25 (35.7) |
Yes | 41 (39.1) | Yes | 15 (55.6) | Male | 18 (45.0) | Yes | 45 (64.3) |
Family History Status Known | Family History Status Known | Disease stage | Family History Status Known | ||||
No | 68 (64.8) | No | 13 (48.2) | Early Stage | 19 (47.5) | No | 15 (21.4) |
Yes | 37 (35.2) | Yes | 14 (51.9) | Late Stage | 21 (52.5) | Yes | 55 (78.6) |
Disease stage | Disease stage | Histological Grade | Disease stage | ||||
Early Stage | 52 (49.5) | Early Stage | 12 (44.4) | Grade 1 | 2 (5.0) | Early Stage | 31 (44.3) |
Late Stage | 53 (50.5) | Late Stage | 15 (55.6) | Grade 2 | 30 (75.0) | Late Stage | 39 (55.7) |
Histological Grade | Histological Grade | Grade 3 | 2 (5.0) | PSA Level (ng/mL) | |||
Grade 1 | 19 (18.1) | Grade 2 | 21 (77.8) | Not Stated | 6 (15.0) | <10 | 5 (7.1) |
Grade 2 | 55 (52.4) | Grade 3 | 6 (22.2) | Tumour Site | 10–20 | 11 (15.7) | |
Grade 3 | 11 (10.5) | Morphological Description | Ascending/Transverse/Descending Colon | 16 (40.0) | >20 | 47 (67.1) | |
Not Stated | 20 (19.1) | Adenocarcinoma | 3 (11.1) | Sigmoid colon/Rectum | 24 (60.0) | Not Stated | 10 |
Morphological Description | Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 24 (88.9) | Greatest Dimensions (cm) | Gleason Score | |||
In situ Carcinoma | 0 | Treatment Intention Status | ≤5 cm | 11 (27.5) | Not Stated | 14 (20.0) | |
Invasive Carcinoma | 105 (100.0) | Unknown | 10 (37.0) | >5 cm | 10 (25.0) | 6–7 | 35 (50.0) |
Subtypes | Known | 17 (63.0) | Not Stated | 19 (47.5) | 8–10 | 21 (30.0) | |
Luminal A/Luminal B | 76 (72.4) | Had Radiation Therapy | Primary Tumour Status | Primary Tumour Status | |||
Triple Negative Breast cancer/HERS/neu Enriched | 29 (27.6) | No | 4 (14.8) | Undetermined | 6 (15.0) | Undetermined | 46 (65.7) |
Estrogen Receptor Status | Yes | 23 (85.2) | Determined | 34 (85.0) | Determined | 24 (34.3) | |
ER-ve | 29 (27.6) | Had Diabetes at Presentation | Lymph Node Status | Lymph Node Status | |||
ER+ve | 76 (72.4) | No | 25 (92.6) | Undetermined | 6 (15.0) | Undetermined | 49 (70.0) |
Progesterone Receptor Status | Yes | 2 (7.4) | Determined | 34 (85.0) | Determined | 21 (30.0) | |
PR-ve | 29 (27.6) | Had Hypertension at Presentation | Distant Metastases | Distant Metastases | |||
PR+ve | 76 (72.4) | No | 23 (85.2) | Undetermined | 6 (15.0) | Undetermined | 52 (74.3) |
HER2 Status | Yes | 4 (14.8) | Determined | 34 (85.0) | Determined | 18 (25.7) | |
HER2-ve | 82 (78.1) | Had Cardiovascular Disease at Presentation | Radiation Therapy Status Known | Had Radiation Therapy | |||
HER2+ve | 23 (21.9) | No | 24 (88.9) | No | 7 (17.5) | No | 25 (35.7) |
Distant Metastases | Yes | 3 (11.1) | Yes | 33 (82.5) | Yes | 45 (64.3) | |
Undetermined (Mx/Not Stated) | 37 (35.2) | No. of Tracked Payments Made at Hospital | Had Hypertension at Presentation | Had Diabetes at Presentation | |||
Determined (M0/M1) | 68 (64.8) | ≤10 | 12 (44.4) | No | 26 (65.0) | No | 60 (85.7) |
Regional Lymph node Status | >10 | 15 (55.6) | Yes | 14 (35.0) | Yes | 10 (14.3) | |
Undetermined (Nx/Not Stated) | 38 (36.2) | Employment Status at Presentation | Had Diabetes at Presentation | Had Hypertension at Presentation | |||
N0 (No lymph node metastases) | 23 (21.9) | Not Employed | 6 (22.2) | No | 34 (85.0) | No | 50 (71.4) |
N1 (Metastases in 1 to 3 lymph nodes) | 30 (28.6) | Employed | 21 (77.8) | Yes | 6 (15.0) | Yes | 20 (28.6) |
N2 (Metastases in 4 or more lymph nodes) | 14 (13.3) | Estimated Monthly Income at Presentation (USD) | Had Cardiovascular Disease | Had Cardiovascular Disease | |||
Primary Tumour | ≤552 | 11 (40.7) | No | 32 (80.0) | No | 56 (80.0) | |
Undetermined (Tx/Not Stated) | 25 (23.8) | >552 | 16 (59.3) | Yes | 8 (20.0) | Yes | 14 (20.0) |
Determined (T1/T4) | 80 (76.2) | Cost of Chemotherapy Drugs (USD) | Evidence of NCD other than cancer | Evidence of NCD other than cancer | |||
Had some form of Surgery | Mean (SD) | 1075.76 (1979.31) | No | 10 (25.0) | No | 45 (64.3) | |
No | 15 (14.3) | 95% CI | 292.77–1858.75 | Yes | 30 (75.0) | Yes | 25 (35.7) |
Yes | 90 (85.7) | Median (IQR) | 431.67 (1085.03) | No. of Tracked Payments Made at Hospital | No. of Tracked Payments Made at Hospital | ||
Hormonal Therapy Status Known | Range | 0–10,052.39 | ≤10 | 16 (40.0) | ≤10 | 33 (47.1) | |
No | 26 (24.8) | >10 | 24 (60.0) | >10 | 37 (52.9) | ||
Yes | 79 (75.2) | Employment Status at Presentation | Employment Status at Presentation | ||||
Radiation Therapy Status Known | Not Employed | 20 (50.0) | Not Employed | 24 (34.3) | |||
No | 17 (16.2) | Employed | 20 (50.0) | Employed | 46 (65.7) | ||
Yes | 88 (83.8) | Estimated Monthly Income at Presentation (USD) | Estimated Monthly Income at Presentation (USD) | ||||
Evidence of NCD other than cancer | ≤552 | 24 (60.0) | ≤552 | 45 (64.3) | |||
No | 44 (41.9) | >552 | 16 (40.0) | >552 | 25 (35.7) | ||
Yes | 61 (58.1) | Cost of Chemotherapy Drugs (USD)* | Cost of Androgen Deprivation Therapy Drugs (USD) * | ||||
No. of Tracked Payments Made at Hospital | Mean (SD) | 3549.53 (4787.15) | Mean (SD) | 4824.29 (2797.22) | |||
≤10 | 49 (46.7) | 95% CI | 2018.52 (5080.53) | 95% CI | 4157.31–5491.26 | ||
>10 | 56 (53.3) | Median (IQR) | 1167.68 (5959.94) | Median (IQR) | 4594.56 | ||
Employment Status at Presentation | Range | 0–24,302.47 | Range | 0–11,486.40 | |||
Not Employed | 23 (21.9) | ||||||
Employed | 82 (78.1) | ||||||
Estimated Monthly Income at Presentation (USD) | |||||||
≤552 | 22 (21.0) | ||||||
>552 | 83 (79.1) | ||||||
Cost of Chemotherapy Drugs (USD) * | |||||||
Mean (SD) | 8566.24 (19,759.81) | ||||||
95% CI | 4742.23–12,390.25 | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 3290.99 (4074.92) | ||||||
Range | 0–185,655.70 |
Age Categories | Cancer Type | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female Breast Cancer | Cervical Cancer | Colorectal Cancer | Prostate Cancer | |||||
Age-Standardized Treatment Rates | Aggregate Cost of Drug Treatment | Age-Standardized Treatment Rates | Aggregate Cost of Drug Treatment | Age-Standardized Treatment Rates | Aggregate Cost of Drug Treatment | Age-Standardized Treatment Rates | Aggregate Cost of Drug Treatment | |
25 to 29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
30 to 34 | 1.90 | 62,223.74 | 1.30 | 12,498.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
35 to 39 | 1.00 | 9830.50 | 0.60 | 2218.87 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
40 to 44 | 2.20 | 27,286.36 | 0.60 | 3243.90 | 0.50 | 17,704.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
45 to 49 | 4.80 | 54,830.29 | 1.60 | 6216.47 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
50 to 54 | 4.00 | 104,292.10 | 0.90 | 4997.08 | 0.60 | 10,789.14 | 0.30 | 2297.28 |
55 to 59 | 5.80 | 248,987.20 | 1.30 | 3400.93 | 0.40 | 11,407.09 | 3.70 | 48,242.88 |
60 to 64 | 3.90 | 95,008.63 | 0.00 | 380.95 | 1.00 | 36,018.24 | 5.30 | 55,134.72 |
65 to 69 | 5.10 | 29,043.02 | 0.40 | 431.67 | 1.60 | 38,600.84 | 6.90 | 89,593.92 |
70 to 74 | 2.60 | 224,073.10 | 0.60 | 6677.59 | 1.60 | 21,802.24 | 6.00 | 64,323.84 |
75+ | 1.10 | 40,957.62 | 0.60 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 5294.27 | 4.00 | 78,107.52 |
Total | 32.40 | 896,532.56 | 7.90 | 40,065.66 | 6.70 | 141,616.16 | 26.20 | 337,700.16 |
Female Breast Cancer (n = 105) | Cervical Cancer (n = 27) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Mean Drug Treatment Cost (95% CI) * | F-Test p value | Characteristic | Mean Drug Treatment Cost (95% CI) * | F-Test p value |
Age | Age | ||||
399.59 (−17,128.45–17,927.63) | 0.35 | 3383.94 (792.68–5975.20) | 0.06 | ||
Age Group | Age Group | ||||
30–34 | ref | 30–34 | ref | ||
35–39 | 3276.83 (−19,103.00–25,656.65) | 35–39 | 198.85 (−2920.19–3317.89) | 0.74 | |
40–44 | 3898.05 (−10,752.98–18,549.08) | 0.26 | 40–44 | 1069.84 (−2049.20–4188.88) | |
45–49 | 3850.22 (−6158.34–13,858.78) | 45–49 | 1096.06 (−876.59–3068.72) | ||
50–54 | 7449.43 (−2910.41–17,809.28) | 50–54 | 1297.62 (−1249.06–3844.30) | ||
55–59 | 11,317.60 (3053.30–19,581.89) | 55–59 | 799.54 (−1173.11–2772.19) | ||
60–64 | 8637.14 (−3050.34–20,324.62) | 60–64 | 0 | ||
65–69 | 2074.50 (−8285.35–12,434.34) | 65–69 | 431.67 (−3979.32–4842.65) | ||
70–74 | 28,009.13 (14,304.35–41,713.92) | 70–74 | 287.74 (−2831.30–3406.78) | ||
75+ | 8181.52 (−9143.81–25,526.86) | 75+ | 0 | ||
Vital Status | Vital Status | ||||
Died | ref | Died | ref | ||
Alive | 8607.07 (4545.54–12,668.60) | 0.95 | Alive | 1349.75 (325.61–2373.90) | 0.40 |
Year | Year | ||||
2017–2019 | ref | 2017–2019 | ref | ||
2020–2021 | 5876.46 (176.19–11,576.73) | 0.21 | 2020–2021 | 1412.83 (227.30–2598.40) | 0.44 |
Parish (Area of Residence) | Parish (Area of Residence) | ||||
Other Parishes | ref | Other Parishes | ref | ||
St. John | 6051.25 (933.02–11,169.48) | 0.15 | St. John | 770.21 (−216.62–1757.05) | 0.3 |
Marital Status Known | Marital Status Known | ||||
No | ref | No | ref | ||
Yes | 11,385.07 (5275.76–17,494.39) | 0.24 | Yes | 1566.31 (536.60–2596.01) | 0.15 |
Family History Status Known | Family History Status Known | ||||
No | ref | No | ref | ||
Yes | 11,461.39 (5025.85–17,896.92) | 0.27 | Yes | 1458.40 (370.81–2545.99) | 0.31 |
Disease stage | Disease stage | ||||
Early Stage | ref | Early Stage | ref | ||
Late Stage | 10,954.39 (5586.12–16,322.67) | 0.21 | Late Stage | 703.97 (−344.54–1752.49) | 0.28 |
Histological Grade | Histological Grade | ||||
Grade 1 | ref | Grade 2 | ref | 0.46 | |
Grade 2 | 6513.90 (1436.73–11,591.07) | 0.01 | Grade 3 | 535.62 (−1142.70–2213.93) | |
Grade 3 | 27,034.13 (15,681.23–38,387.03) | Morphological Description | |||
Not Stated | 5452.75 (−2966.79–13,872.29) | Adenocarcinoma | ref | ||
Subtypes | Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 1148.45 (304.63–1992.27) | 0.60 | ||
Luminal A/Luminal B | ref | Treatment Intention Status | |||
Triple Negative Breast cancer/HERS/neu Enriched | 14,838.73 (7669.63–22,007.83) | 0.04 | Unknown | ref | |
Estrogen Receptor Status | Known | 1455.78 (480.87–2430.69 | 0.20 | ||
ER-ve | ref | Had Radiation Therapy | |||
ER+ve | 6548.34 (2094.05–11,002.63) | 0.09 | No | ref | |
Progesterone Receptor Status | Yes | 1166.08 (304.65–2027.51) | 0.58 | ||
PR-ve | ref | Had Diabetes at Presentation | |||
PR+ve | 7106.07 (2281.55–11,930.59) | 0.33 | No | ref | |
HER2 Status | Yes | 5225.04 (2882.75–7567.34) | 0.001 | ||
HER2-ve | ref | Had Hypertension at Presentation | |||
HER2+ve | 24,188.26 (16,739.28–31,637.24) | <0.001 | No | ref | |
Distant Metastases | Yes | 3575.78 (1822.01–5329.55) | 0.004 | ||
Undetermined (Mx/Not Stated) | ref | Had Cardiovascular Disease at Presentation | |||
Determined (M0/M1) | 6727.94 (1991.07–11,464.81) | 0.2 | No | ref | |
Regional Lymph node Status | Yes | 4127.28 (2131.45–6123.12) | 0.003 | ||
Undetermined (Nx/Not Stated) | ref | No. of Tracked Payments Made at Hospital | |||
N0 (No lymph node metastases) | 4087.73 (−4094.99–12,270.45) | 0.43 | ≤10 | ref | |
N1 (Metastases in 1 to 3 lymph nodes) | 13,040.15 (5875.40–20,204.90) | >10 | 1619.87 (600.49–2639.25) | 0.11 | |
N2 (Metastases in 4 or more lymph nodes) | 8145.03 (−2343.09–18,633.16) | Employment Status at Presentation | |||
Primary Tumour | Not Employed | ref | |||
Undetermined (Tx/Not Stated) | ref | Employed | 1335.16 (456.76–2213.56) | 0.21 | |
Determined (T1/T4) | 8893.40 (4492.67–13,294.12) | 0.76 | Estimated Monthly Income at Presentation (USDUSD) | ||
Had some form of Surgery | ≤552 | ref | |||
No | ref | >552 | 728.63 (−286.24–1743.50) | 0.28 | |
Yes | 8989.76 (4844.66–13,134.86) | 0.59 | |||
Hormonal Therapy Status Known | |||||
No | ref | ||||
Yes | 9417.73 (5000.00–13,835.55) | 0.44 | |||
Radiation Therapy Status Known | |||||
No | ref | ||||
Yes | 9136.80 (4948.17–13,325.43) | 0.5 | |||
Evidence of NCD other than cancer | |||||
No | ref | ||||
Yes | 9544.48 (4511.21–14,577.75) | 0.55 | |||
No. of Tracked Payments Made at Hospital | |||||
≤10 | ref | ||||
>10 | 6731.29 (1495.33–11,967.24) | 0.31 | |||
Employment Status at Presentation | |||||
Not Employed | ref | ||||
Employed | 9297.71 (4959.79–13,635.62) | 0.48 | |||
Estimated Monthly Income at Presentation (USDUSD) | |||||
≤552 | ref | ||||
>552 | 7423.98 (3129.20–11,718.76) | 0.25 | |||
Colorectal Cancer (n = 40) | Prostate Cancer (n = 70) | ||||
Characteristic | Mean Drug Treatment Cost (95% CI) * | F-Test p value | Characteristic | Mean Drug Treatment Cost (95% CI) * | F-Test p value |
Age | Age | ||||
19,546.84 (5294.02–42,791.06) | 0.006 | 1581.65 (15.60–6970.58) | 0.23 | ||
Age Group | Age Group | ||||
30–34 | 0 | 30–34 | 0 | ||
35–39 | 0 | 35–39 | 0 | 0.50 | |
40–44 | ref | 0.06 | 40–44 | 0 | |
45–49 | 0 | 45–49 | 0 | ||
50–54 | 2104.06 (85.19–6809.55) | 50–54 | ref | ||
55–59 | 2559.35 (68.39–8632.27) | 55–59 | 3850.20 (2513.02–5471.56) | ||
60–64 | 4533.33 (1193.70–10,022.01) | 60–64 | 3984.13 (2669.79–5562.18) | ||
65–69 | 4014.49 (1402.50–7969.13) | 65–69 | 5172.49 (3793.33–6763.42) | ||
70–74 | 1164.17 (93.90–3428.10) | 70–74 | 3926.28 (2704.00–5375.82) | ||
75+ | 151.29 (185.23–1460.00 | 75+ | 5262.05 (3731.99–7054.32) | ||
Vital Status | Vital Status | ||||
Died | ref | Died | ref | ||
Alive | 2211.82 (1153.28–3612.01) | 0.3 | Alive | 4273.24 (3607.20–4994.25) | 0.32 |
Year | Year | ||||
2017–2019 | ref | 2017–2019 | ref | ||
2020–2021 | 2507.00 (1253.87–4189.97) | 0.21 | 2020–2021 | 3897.50 (3151.70–4722.44) | 0.06 |
Parish (Area of Residence) | Parish (Area of Residence) | ||||
Other Parishes | ref | Other Parishes | ref | ||
St. John | 3123.69 (1486.10–5361.17) | 0.12 | St. John | 4087.04 (3310.85–4946.31) | 0.24 |
Sex | Marital Status Known | ||||
Female | ref | No | ref | ||
Male | 2229.73 (796.93–4383.76) | 0.77 | Yes | 4243.22 (3479.82–5082.26) | 0.50 |
Disease stage | Family History Status Known | ||||
Early Stage | ref | No | ref | ||
Late Stage | 3260.41 (1635.39–5440.54) | 0.04 | Yes | 4113.94 (3443.34–4842.77) | 0.08 |
Histological Grade | Disease stage | ||||
Grade 1 | ref | Early Stage | ref | ||
Grade 2 | 1825.00 (765.63–3337.37) | Late Stage | 4902.80 (4036.06–5853.78) | 0.10 | |
Grade 3 | 2632.72 (48.72–12,009.97) | 0.92 | PSA Level (ng/mL) | ||
Not Stated | 2573.53 (291.73–7119.98) | Not Stated | ref | ||
Tumour Site | ≤20 | 3003.04 (2025.90–4170.58) | 0.01 | ||
Ascending/Transverse/Descending Colon | ref | >20 | 5070.86 (4290.25–5916.69) | ||
Sigmoid colon/Rectum | 2557.32 (1179.92–4460.90) | 0.29 | Gleason Score | ||
Greatest Dimensions (cm) | Not Stated | ref | |||
≤5 cm | ref | 6–7 | 4435.56 (3547.39–5422.85) | 0.93 | |
>5 cm | 3620.43 (1369.00–6945.56) | 0.02 | 8–10 | 4522.56 (3382.59–5827.80) | |
Not Stated | 732.24 (105.06–1924.58) | Primary Tumour Status | |||
Primary Tumour Status | Undetermined | ref | |||
Undetermined | ref | Determined | 5201.29 (4076.82–6462.55) | 0.09 | |
Determined | 2010.63 (961.62–3442.17) | 0.90 | Lymph Node Status | ||
Lymph Node Status | Undetermined | ref | |||
Undetermined | ref | Determined | 5082.26 (3890.02–6433.64) | 0.19 | |
Determined | 2010.63 (961.62–3442.17) | 0.90 | Distant Metastases | ||
Distant Metastases | Undetermined | ref | |||
Undetermined | ref | Determined | 5949.04 (4604.98–7466.69) | 0.01 | |
Determined | 2010.63 (961.62–3442.17) | 0.90 | Had Radiation Therapy | ||
Radiation Therapy Status Known | No | ref | |||
No | ref | Yes | 4243.22 (3479.82–5082.26) | 0.50 | |
Yes | 2452.23 (1288.81–3986.66) | 0.13 | Had Diabetes at Presentation | ||
Had Hypertension at Presentation | No | ref | |||
No | ref | Yes | 3951.38 (2480.04–5762.33) | 0.56 | |
Yes | 1126.27 (157.00–2980.07) | 0.17 | Had Hypertension at Presentation | ||
Had Diabetes at Presentation | No | ref | |||
No | ref | Yes | 4174.36 (3042.63–5421.38) | 0.61 | |
Yes | 3451.56 (685.39–8339.34) | 0.37 | Had Cardiovascular Disease | ||
Had Cardiovascular Disease | No | ref | |||
No | ref | Yes | 3794.56 (2562.38–5267.86) | 0.33 | |
Yes | 574.08 (12.04–2640.93) | 0.09 | Evidence of NCD other than cancer | ||
Evidence of NCD other than cancer | No | ref | |||
No | ref | Yes | 4071.72 (3088.02–5191.20) | 0.44 | |
Yes | 1846.42 (802.02–3321.22) | 0.55 | No. of Tracked Payments Made at Hospital | ||
No. of Tracked Payments Made at Hospital | ≤10 | ref | |||
≤10 | ref | >10 | 4395.69 (3539.06–5343.61) | 0.97 | |
>10 | 1143.79 (340.40–2419.66) | 0.02 | Employment Status at Presentation | ||
Employment Status at Presentation | Not Employed | ref | |||
Not Employed | ref | Employed | 4522.56 (3740.55–5378.76) | 0.63 | |
Employed | 2668.76 (1147.85–4821.91) | 0.30 | Estimated Monthly Income at Presentation (USDUSD) | ||
Estimated Monthly Income at Presentation (USDUSD) | ≤552 | ref | |||
≤552 | ref | >552 | 4542.76 (3496.36–5725.95) | 0.76 | |
>552 | 2485.02 (887.44–4888.81) | 0.55 |
Female Breast Cancer (n = 105) | Cervical Cancer (n = 27) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Mean Drug Treatment Cost (95% CI) * | F-Test p value | Characteristic | Mean Drug Treatment Cost (95% CI) * | F-Test p value |
Disease stage | Age | ||||
Early Stage | ref | 1535.59 (−597.34–3668.51) | 0.15 | ||
Late Stage | 11,121.21 (−8503.13–30,745.55) | 0.26 | Had Diabetes at Presentation | ||
Histological Grade | No | ref | |||
Grade 1 | ref | Yes | 4322.97 (1724.10–6921.84) | 0.002 | |
Grade 2 | 10,077.35 (−9001.68–29,156.38) | 0.30 | Had Hypertension at Presentation | ||
Grade 3 | 26,282.45 (2701.79–49,863.11) | 0.03 | No | ref | |
Not Stated | 6295.25 (−14,233.99–26,824.48) | 0.54 | Yes | 3080.04 (350.91–5817.17) | 0.03 |
Subtypes | Had Cardiovascular Disease at Presentation | ||||
Luminal A/Luminal B | ref | No | ref | ||
Triple Negative Breast cancer/HERS/neu Enriched | 6144.21 (−4892.85–17,181.26) | 0.27 | Yes | 3185.53 (144.36–6226.70) | 0.04 |
Estrogen Receptor Status | |||||
ER-ve | ref | ||||
ER+ve | 2208.67 (−6370.92–10,788.25) | 0.61 | |||
HER2 Status | |||||
HER2-ve | ref | ||||
HER2+ve | 29,283.06 (6299.87–52,266.25) | 0.01 | |||
Colorectal Cancer (n = 40) | Prostate Cancer (n = 70) | ||||
Characteristic | Mean Drug Treatment Cost (95% CI) * | F-Test p value | Characteristic | Mean Drug Treatment Cost (95% CI) * | F-Test p value |
Age | Age | ||||
13,931.08 (2488.01–34,662.99) | 0.001 | 1709.00 (21.34–7621.29) | 0.07 | ||
Disease stage | Year | ||||
Early Stage | ref | 2017–2019 | ref | ||
Late Stage | 16,594.59 (3671.15–39,037.86) | 0.001 | 2020–2021 | 1366.78 (94.48–6999.00) | 0.12 |
Greatest Dimensions (cm) | Family History Status Known | ||||
≤5 cm | ref | No | ref | ||
>5 cm | 10,455.06 (1293.84–28,402.36) | 0.004 | Yes | 1047.17 (198.81–6211.02) | 0.17 |
Not Stated | 8047.88 (414.12–25,303.27) | 0.013 | Disease stage | ||
Radiation Therapy Status Known | Early Stage | ref | |||
No | ref | Late Stage | 1817.32 (4.45–7631.77) | 0.06 | |
Yes | 20,471.89 (5858.37–43,940.54) | <0.001 | PSA Level (ng/mL) | ||
Had Cardiovascular Disease | Not Stated | ref | |||
No | ref | ≤20 | 1619.26 (6.50–6892.32) | 0.07 | |
Yes | 8460.32 (346.70–27,340.62) | 0.016 | >20 | 2735.29 (60.37–9377.99) | 0.02 |
No. of Tracked Payments Made at Hospital | Distant Metastases | ||||
≤10 | ref | Undetermined | ref | ||
>10 | 11,006.11 (1023.36–31,623.51) | 0.01 | Determined | 2758.35 (28.62–9938.10) | 0.03 |
Female Breast Cancer (n = 105) | Cervical Cancer (n = 27) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Model Standard Error | Robust Standard Error | Characteristic | Model Standard Error | Robust Standard Error |
Disease stage | Age | ||||
Early Stage | - | 18.56 | 9.27 | ||
Late Stage | 3593.37 | 1807.48 | Had Diabetes at Presentation | ||
Histological Grade | No | - | |||
Grade 1 | - | Yes | 1174.79 | 2660.56 | |
Grade 2 | 4693.45 | 1831.29 | Had Hypertension at Presentation | ||
Grade 3 | 7027.63 | 13,382.11 | No | - | |
Not Stated | 5698.03 | 2454.33 | Yes | 887.57 | 853.13 |
Subtypes | Had Cardiovascular Disease at Presentation | ||||
Luminal A/Luminal B | - | No | - | ||
Triple Negative Breast cancer/HERS/neu Enriched | 9544.80 | 9067.89 | Yes | 1028.57 | 1314.68 |
Estrogen Receptor Status | |||||
ER-ve | - | ||||
ER+ve | 9338.75 | 10,809.07 | |||
HER2 Status | |||||
HER2-ve | - | ||||
HER2+ve | 4357.17 | 6356.60 | |||
Colorectal Cancer (n = 40) | Prostate Cancer (n = 70) | ||||
Characteristic | Model Standard Error | Robust Standard Error | Characteristic | Model Standard Error | Robust Standard Error |
Age | Age | ||||
0.46 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.30 | ||
Disease stage | Year | ||||
Early Stage | - | 2017–2019 | - | ||
Late Stage | 11.12 | 11.76 | 2020–2021 | 4.94 | 5.70 |
Greatest Dimensions (cm) | Family History Status Known | ||||
≤5 cm | - | No | - | ||
>5 cm | 15.54 | 16.70 | Yes | 5.84 | 6.24 |
Not Stated | 12.58 | 11.19 | Disease stage | ||
Radiation Therapy Status Known | Early Stage | - | |||
No | - | Late Stage | 5.32 | 6.20 | |
Yes | 13.10 | 7.80 | PSA Level (ng/mL) | ||
Had Cardiovascular Disease | Not Stated | - | |||
No | - | ≤20 | 9.12 | 7.81 | |
Yes | 13.18 | 12.21 | >20 | 7.62 | 6.46 |
No. of Tracked Payments Made at Hospital | Distant Metastases | ||||
≤10 | - | Undetermined | - | ||
>10 | 11.57 | 14.26 | Determined | 5.40 | 5.00 |
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Bovell, A.A.N.; Ncayiyana, J.; Ginindza, T.G. Investigating Drug Treatment Costs and Patient Characteristics of Female Breast, Cervical, Colorectal, and Prostate Cancers in Antigua and Barbuda: A Retrospective Data Study (2017–2021). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060930
Bovell AAN, Ncayiyana J, Ginindza TG. Investigating Drug Treatment Costs and Patient Characteristics of Female Breast, Cervical, Colorectal, and Prostate Cancers in Antigua and Barbuda: A Retrospective Data Study (2017–2021). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(6):930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060930
Chicago/Turabian StyleBovell, Andre A. N., Jabulani Ncayiyana, and Themba G. Ginindza. 2025. "Investigating Drug Treatment Costs and Patient Characteristics of Female Breast, Cervical, Colorectal, and Prostate Cancers in Antigua and Barbuda: A Retrospective Data Study (2017–2021)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 6: 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060930
APA StyleBovell, A. A. N., Ncayiyana, J., & Ginindza, T. G. (2025). Investigating Drug Treatment Costs and Patient Characteristics of Female Breast, Cervical, Colorectal, and Prostate Cancers in Antigua and Barbuda: A Retrospective Data Study (2017–2021). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(6), 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060930