Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Occupational Injuries Among Nurses in Oshakati District, Namibia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Site
2.3. Study Population
2.4. Sampling Strategy
2.5. Sample Size Estimation
2.6. Ethical Considerations
2.7. Data Collection and Management
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics for Primary Data
3.2. Prevalence of Occupational Injuries Among Nurses
3.3. Types and Causes of Injuries
3.4. Department Where Injury Occurred
3.5. Reporting and Medical Attention for Injured Nurses
3.6. Descriptive Statistics for Secondary Data
3.7. Contributing Factors from Secondary Data
3.8. Tests for Normality
3.9. Chi-Square Test Analysis
3.10. Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression
3.11. Comparison of Primary and Secondary Data
4. Discussion
4.1. Prevalence of Occupational Injuries
4.2. Types of Injuries
4.3. Causes of Injuries
4.4. Anatomical Sites Affected by Injuries
4.5. Distribution of Injuries Among Hospital Departments
4.6. Comparison of Injuries Among Nurses Working in Different Health Facilities
4.7. Reporting of Injuries to Authorities
4.8. Medical Care Accessed Post-Injury
4.9. Severity of Injuries
4.10. Factors Contributing to Occupational Injuries
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Demographic Factors | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 45 | 15.3 |
Female | 250 | 84.7 | |
Age | 18–25 | 39 | 13.2 |
26–35 | 128 | 43.4 | |
36–45 | 84 | 28.5 | |
46–55 | 28 | 9.5 | |
56+ | 16 | 5.4 | |
Highest educational level | Certificate/diploma | 147 | 49.8 |
Bachelor’s degree | 123 | 41.7 | |
Postgraduate degree | 25 | 8.5 | |
Place of work | Private ward | 6 | 2.0 |
Maternity ward | 61 | 20.7 | |
Surgical ward | 30 | 10.2 | |
Orthopaedic ward | 22 | 7.5 | |
Psychiatric ward | 9 | 3.1 | |
Outpatient department (OPD) | 29 | 9.8 | |
Emergency department (casualty) | 19 | 6.4 | |
Paediatric medical ward | 4 | 1.4 | |
X-ray department | 2 | 0.7 | |
ART department | 9 | 3.1 | |
Operating theatre | 15 | 5.1 | |
Intensive care unit (ICU) | 10 | 3.4 | |
Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) | 2 | 0.7 | |
Oshakati Health Centre | 27 | 9.2 | |
Ou-Nick Health Centre | 11 | 3.7 | |
Paediatric surgical ward | 7 | 2.4 | |
TB ward | 3 | 1.0 | |
Ophthalmology ward | 5 | 1.7 | |
Oncology | 6 | 2.0 | |
Dialysis ward | 1 | 0.3 | |
Years of experience | 1–5 years | 137 | 46.4 |
6–10 years | 83 | 28.1 | |
11–15 years | 35 | 11.9 | |
16 years or more | 40 | 13.6 | |
Employment status | Registered nurse | 186 | 63.1 |
Enrolled nurse | 109 | 36.9 |
Variable | Demographic Factors | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female | 7 | 100 |
Age | 18–25 | 1 | 14.3 |
26–35 | 2 | 28.6 | |
36–45 | 3 | 42.9 | |
46–55 | 0 | 0 | |
56+ | 1 | 14.3 | |
Employment status | Registered nurse | 6 | 85.7 |
Enrolled nurse | 1 | 14.3 |
Factor | p-Value | Significance |
---|---|---|
Place of work | <0.001 | Significant; Reject null hypothesis |
Sex | <0.001 | Significant; Reject null hypothesis |
Age | <0.001 | Significant; Reject null hypothesis |
Highest level of education | <0.001 | Significant; Reject null hypothesis |
Years of experience | <0.001 | Significant; Reject null hypothesis |
Employment status | <0.001 | Significant; Reject null hypothesis |
Factor | Pearson Chi-Square (p-Value) | Significance |
---|---|---|
Demographic factors | ||
Place of work | 0.083 | No significant association |
Sex | 0.990 | No significant association |
Age | 0.114 | No significant association |
Highest level of education | 0.027 | Significant association |
Years of experience | 0.029 | Significant association |
Employment status | 0.012 | Significant association |
Contributing factors | ||
Unsafe work environment | 0.158 | No significant association |
Work overload | 0.630 | No significant association |
Lack of proper training and education | 0.001 | Significant association |
Inadequate staffing levels | 0.009 | Significant association |
Poor shift patterns | 0.016 | Significant association |
Inadequate safety equipment | 0.004 | Significant association |
Work-related stress | 0.201 | No significant association |
Poor work organisation | 0.011 | Significant association |
Variable | Univariate Logistic Regression | Multivariate Logistic Regression | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-Value | Crude Odds Ratio | Confidence Interval (95%) | p-Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio | Confidence Interval (95%) | |
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
Highest level of education (certificate/diploma) | 0.02 | 2.90 | 1.22–6.88 | 0.80 | 1.16 | 0.38–3.51 |
Highest level of education (bachelor’s degree) | 0.01 | 3.08 | 1.28–7.44 | 0.03 | 3.30 | 1.11–9.81 |
Years of experience (1–5 years) | 0.01 | 2.75 | 1.30–5.82 | 0.48 | 1.40 | 0.54–3.63 |
Years of experience (6–10 years) | 0.23 | 1.62 | 0.74–3.53 | 0.62 | 0.79 | 0.30–2.04 |
Employment status (registered nurses) | 0.01 | 0.49 | 0.28–0.86 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.12–0.74 |
Contributing factors | ||||||
Unsafe work environment | 0.16 | 1.44 | 0.87–2.41 | 0.74 | 0.90 | 0.49–1.65 |
Lack of proper training and education | 0.01 | 3.64 | 1.96–6.77 | 0.01 | 3.27 | 1.62–6.61 |
Inadequate staffing levels | 0.01 | 2.37 | 1.23–4.59 | 0.12 | 1.89 | 0.85–4.19 |
Poor shift patterns | 0.02 | 2.91 | 1.18–7.16 | 0.55 | 1.38 | 0.48–3.99 |
Inadequate safety equipment | 0.01 | 2.12 | 1.26–3.59 | 0.08 | 1.71 | 0.93–3.15 |
Work-related stress | 0.20 | 1.44 | 0.82–2.51 | 0.76 | 0.90 | 0.45–1.79 |
Poor workplace organisation | 0.01 | 2.24 | 1.19–4.19 | 0.89 | 1.06 | 0.49–2.28 |
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Share and Cite
Sanjobo, M.L.; Senekane, M.F.; Lebelo, K. Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Occupational Injuries Among Nurses in Oshakati District, Namibia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 912. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060912
Sanjobo ML, Senekane MF, Lebelo K. Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Occupational Injuries Among Nurses in Oshakati District, Namibia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(6):912. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060912
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanjobo, Maliwa Lichaha, Mpinane Flory Senekane, and Kgomotso Lebelo. 2025. "Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Occupational Injuries Among Nurses in Oshakati District, Namibia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 6: 912. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060912
APA StyleSanjobo, M. L., Senekane, M. F., & Lebelo, K. (2025). Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Occupational Injuries Among Nurses in Oshakati District, Namibia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(6), 912. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060912