Multi-Modal Cannabis Use Among U.S. Young Adults: Findings from the 2022 and 2023 BRFSS in 23 States
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Sample
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Unweighted n | Weighted% | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|
Single-modal use | 3392 | 43.2 | 41.2–45.1 |
Multi-modal use a | 4243 | 56.8 | 54.9–45.1 |
Dual-mode | 2305 | 54.8 | 52.3–57.4 |
Triple-mode | 1266 | 29.0 | 26.7–31.3 |
Quadruple-mode | 574 | 13.3 | 11.5–15.0 |
Quintuple-mode | 98 | 2.9 | 2.0–3.8 |
Overall | Unweighted n | Weighted% | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Smoking | 6203 | 83.2 | 81.9–84.6 |
Vaping | 2988 | 41.9 | 40.0–43.8 |
Edibles | 3265 | 40.9 | 39.0–42.8 |
Dabbing | 1698 | 21.7 | 20.1–23.3 |
Other | 432 | 6.1 | 5.2–7.1 |
Single-modal cannabis use | |||
Smoking | 2300 | 70.3 | 67.8–72.8 |
Vaping | 216 | 5.9 | 4.8–7.0 |
Edibles | 835 | 22.9 | 20.5–25.2 |
Dabbing | 19 | 0.8 | 0.2–1.4 |
Other | 22 | 0.4 | 0.1–0.6 |
Multi-modal cannabis use | |||
Dual-mode | |||
Smoking + Vaping | 786 | 22.0 | 19.7–24.3 |
Smoking + Edibles | 810 | 17.3 | 15.5–19.1 |
Smoking + Dabbing | 301 | 5.9 | 4.8–7.1 |
Smoking + Other | 103 | 3.2 | 2.1–4.3 |
Vaping + Edibles | 189 | 3.9 | 2.9–4.9 |
Vaping + Dabbing | 56 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.0 |
Vaping + Other | 13 | 0.3 | 0.0–0.5 |
Edibles + Dabbing | 12 | 0.1 | 0.0–0.2 |
Edibles + Other | 34 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.0 |
Dabbing + Other | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0–0.1 |
Tripple-mode | |||
Smoking + Vaping + Edibles | 537 | 13.3 | 11.6–15.0 |
Smoking + Vaping + Dabbing | 472 | 10.8 | 9.2–12.4 |
Smoking + Vaping + Other | 27 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.0 |
Smoking + Edibles + Dabbing | 153 | 2.8 | 2.1–3.5 |
Smoking + Edibles + Other | 31 | 0.5 | 0.3–0.7 |
Smoking + Dabbing + Other | 14 | 0.4 | 0.1–0.7 |
Vaping + Edibles + Dabbing | 24 | 0.3 | 0.2–0.5 |
Vaping + Edibles + Other | 4 | 0.2 | 0.0–0.5 |
Vaping + Dabbing + Other | 3 | 0.0 | 0.0–0.1 |
Edibles + Dabbing + Other | 12 | 0.1 | 0.0–0.2 |
Quadruple-mode | |||
Smoking + Vaping + Edibles + Dabbing | 493 | 11.7 | 10.1–13.4 |
Smoking + Vaping + Edibles + Other | 30 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.0 |
Smoking + Vaping + Dabbing + Other | 37 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.3 |
Vaping + Edibles + Dabbing + Other | 3 | 0.0 | 0.0–0.1 |
Quintuple-mode | |||
Smoking + Vaping + Edibles + Dabbing + Other | 98 | 2.9 | 2.0–3.8 |
Variables | Unweighted n (n = 4243) a | Weighted% | AOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 2541 | 56.6 | 1.19 (0.94–1.50) |
Female | 1702 | 43.4 | Ref |
Race/Ethnicity | |||
Non-Hispanic Black | 280 | 12.2 | 0.60 (0.42–0.86) ** |
Non-Hispanic Others | 478 | 11.8 | 1.38 (1.95–2.00) |
Hispanic | 527 | 13.3 | 1.07 (0.78–1.46) |
Do not know | 77 | 1.6 | 0.88 (0.37–12.10) |
Non-Hispanic White | 2862 | 61.0 | Ref |
Age | |||
Age 18 to 24 | 1701 | 47.0 | 1.27 (0.94–1.72) |
Age 25 to 29 | 1256 | 24.4 | 1.16 (0.88–1.54) |
Age 30 to 34 | 1286 | 28.5 | Ref |
Family income | |||
<USD 25,000 | 536 | 14.4 | 0.98 (0.70–1.37) |
≥$25,000 | 2992 | 85.6 | Ref |
Educational Attainment | |||
Highschool or less | 1784 | 48.6 | Ref |
Some college or technical school | 1271 | 31.9 | 0.84 (0.64–1.11) |
College graduate or more | 1184 | 19.5 | 1.08 (0.81–1.46) |
Marital status | |||
Married | 1461 | 32.4 | 0.94 (0.74–1.20) |
Not married | 2753 | 67.7 | Ref |
Sexual Orientation | |||
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual | 790 | 26.4 | 1.63 (1.26–2.12) *** |
Something else or do not know | 190 | 7.6 | 1.97 (1.13–3.41) * |
Heterosexual | 1976 | 65.9 | Ref |
Days of impaired mental health | |||
0 day | 865 | 21.3 | Ref |
One to thirteen days | 1723 | 40.7 | 0.98 (0.71–1.34) |
Fourteen+ days | 1579 | 38.0 | 0.97 (0.69–1.36) |
Days of impaired physical health | |||
0 day | 2057 | 48.8 | Ref |
One to thirteen days | 1636 | 39.7 | 1.30 (1.02–1.65) * |
Fourteen+ days | 480 | 11.5 | 1.49 (0.97–2.27) |
Cannabis use frequency | |||
1–3 days | 1812 | 22.3 | Ref |
4–10 days | 1361 | 17.0 | 2.78 (1.98–3.89) *** |
11–19 days | 1128 | 14.6 | 4.56 (3.23–6.45) *** |
20–30 days | 3334 | 46.1 | 6.46 (4.77–8.75) *** |
Current cigarette smoking | 889 | 20.0 | 0.97 (0.71–1.31) |
Current smokeless tobacco use | 252 | 5.6 | 1.46 (0.92–2.33) |
Current e-cigarette use | 1600 | 41.5 | 1.86 (1.44–2.39) *** |
Past 30-day alcohol use | 3245 | 77.8 | 1.43 (1.04–1.98) * |
Binge drinking | 1873 | 43.8 | 1.28 (1.00–1.64) * |
MCL adoption | 3371 | 87.1 | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) |
RCL adoption | 2424 | 53.5 | 1.32 (1.03–1.70) * |
Year | |||
Year of 2022 | 2257 | 56.6 | Ref |
Year of 2023 | 1986 | 43.4 | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) |
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Kim, N.; Flora, S.; Macander, C.E. Multi-Modal Cannabis Use Among U.S. Young Adults: Findings from the 2022 and 2023 BRFSS in 23 States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040495
Kim N, Flora S, Macander CE. Multi-Modal Cannabis Use Among U.S. Young Adults: Findings from the 2022 and 2023 BRFSS in 23 States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(4):495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040495
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Nayoung, Sarah Flora, and Casey Elizabeth Macander. 2025. "Multi-Modal Cannabis Use Among U.S. Young Adults: Findings from the 2022 and 2023 BRFSS in 23 States" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 4: 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040495
APA StyleKim, N., Flora, S., & Macander, C. E. (2025). Multi-Modal Cannabis Use Among U.S. Young Adults: Findings from the 2022 and 2023 BRFSS in 23 States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(4), 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040495