The Effects of Eye Exercises on Eye-Hand Coordination, Cognitive Functions and Balance Ability of the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Mueangson, Onchuma; Keawmai, Wanchai; Pabbumnan, Radamanee; Chukaithai, Aisada; Thongdonmuean, Ploynapas; Vongvaivanichakul, Parinya

doi:10.3390/ijerph22101564

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The Effects of Eye Exercises on Eye-Hand Coordination, Cognitive Functions and Balance Ability of the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by

Onchuma Mueangson

^1,2

,

Wanchai Keawmai

¹,

Radamanee Pabbumnan

¹,

Aisada Chukaithai

¹,

Ploynapas Thongdonmuean

¹ and

Parinya Vongvaivanichakul

^1,2,*

¹

School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand

²

Movement Sciences and Exercise Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(10), 1564; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22101564 (registering DOI)

Submission received: 31 August 2025 / Revised: 9 October 2025 / Accepted: 13 October 2025 / Published: 14 October 2025

(This article belongs to the Section Exercise and Health-Related Quality of Life)

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Abstract

This study investigated the effects of eye exercises on eye-hand coordination, cognitive function, and balance in sixty elderly participants aged 60–70 years who were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group performed Gaze Stability Exercises (GSE) for 50 min per session, while the control group performed eyeball exercises for 10 min. Both groups trained twice a week for four weeks. Assessments of eye-hand coordination, cognitive function, and balance were conducted before and after the intervention. An Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), adjusting for baseline scores and gender, was used for between-group comparisons. ANCOVA revealed that the GSE group showed significantly greater improvements in cognitive function and dynamic balance compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the groups for eye-hand coordination. Within-group comparisons showed that both groups improved in eye-hand coordination and cognitive function (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that eye exercises, including GSEs and eyeball exercises, can enhance eye-hand coordination and cognitive function in elderly individuals. The dynamic balance improvements observed only in the experimental group highlight the potential of GSEs in balance training. Preliminary findings indicate that consistent eye exercise help improve motor and cognitive skills in the elderly, which requires further study.

Keywords: gaze stability exercises; eye exercises; elderly; eye-hand coordination; cognitive function; balance

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mueangson, O.; Keawmai, W.; Pabbumnan, R.; Chukaithai, A.; Thongdonmuean, P.; Vongvaivanichakul, P. The Effects of Eye Exercises on Eye-Hand Coordination, Cognitive Functions and Balance Ability of the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22101564

AMA Style

Mueangson O, Keawmai W, Pabbumnan R, Chukaithai A, Thongdonmuean P, Vongvaivanichakul P. The Effects of Eye Exercises on Eye-Hand Coordination, Cognitive Functions and Balance Ability of the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(10):1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22101564

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mueangson, Onchuma, Wanchai Keawmai, Radamanee Pabbumnan, Aisada Chukaithai, Ploynapas Thongdonmuean, and Parinya Vongvaivanichakul. 2025. "The Effects of Eye Exercises on Eye-Hand Coordination, Cognitive Functions and Balance Ability of the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 10: 1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22101564

APA Style

Mueangson, O., Keawmai, W., Pabbumnan, R., Chukaithai, A., Thongdonmuean, P., & Vongvaivanichakul, P. (2025). The Effects of Eye Exercises on Eye-Hand Coordination, Cognitive Functions and Balance Ability of the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(10), 1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22101564

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The Effects of Eye Exercises on Eye-Hand Coordination, Cognitive Functions and Balance Ability of the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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