Efficacy of an Online Workplace Mental Health Accommodations Psychoeducational Course: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Research Design and Ethics
2.2. Participants
2.2.1. Recruitment
2.2.2. Eligibility
2.2.3. Randomization
2.2.4. Sample Size
2.2.5. Power
2.3. Intervention
Procedure
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Demographics
2.4.2. Accommodation Questions
2.4.3. Self-Stigma of Mental Illness Scale Short Form (SSMIS-SF; [41])
2.4.4. Worker Relations Scale (WRS; [42])
2.4.5. Work Performance
2.4.6. New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSE; [45])
2.4.7. Supervisor Servant Leadership Scale (SSLS; [47])
2.4.8. Climate for Inclusion Scale (CIS; [48])
2.4.9. Disclosure
2.4.10. PHQ-9
2.4.11. GAD-7
2.4.12. SIAS-6 and SPS-6
2.5. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Primary Outcome Measures
Psychological Distress/Symptomology
3.3. Role of Supervisory Leadership and Organizational Inclusiveness
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
6. Future Directions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | All Participants (n = 77) | Course (n = 41) | Wait-List Control (n = 36) | Statistical Significance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Participant pre-treatment characteristics | |||||||
Age | |||||||
Mean (SD) | 43.84 (10.64) | - | 44.62 (9.66) | - | 43.0 (11.68) | - | t(75) = 0.66, p = 0.52 |
Range | 20–63 | - | 26–60 | - | 20–63 | - | |
Gender | |||||||
Female | 60 | 77.9 | 31 | 75.6 | 29 | 80.6 | χ2 (2) = 0.11, p = 0.61 |
Male | 16 | 20.8 | 9 | 22.0 | 7 | 19.4 | |
Two-Spirit | 1 | 1.3 | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | |
Ethnicity | |||||||
European | 59 | 76.6 | 30 | 73.2 | 29 | 80.6 | χ2 (1) = 0.24 p = 0.62 |
Indigenous, Métis, Caribbean, East Asian, Latin American, Not Listed | 18 | 23.4 | 11 | 26.8 | 7 | 19.4 | |
Employment characteristics | |||||||
Employment status | |||||||
Employed full/part time | 51 | 76.3 | 29 | 72.5 | 29 | 80.6 | χ2 (1) = 0.31; p = 0.58 |
Disability Leave | 18 | 23.7 | 11 | 27.5 | 7 | 19.4 | |
Position | |||||||
Executive/senior manager | 19 | 24.7 | 13 | 31.7 | 6 | 16.7 | χ2 (3) = 5.72; p = 0.13 |
Professional (engineer, analyst) | 20 | 26.0 | 8 | 19.6 | 12 | 33.3 | |
Technical/administrative support | 22 | 28.5 | 14 | 34.1 | 8 | 22.2 | |
Sales, service, labourer | 16 | 20.8 | 6 | 14.6 | 10 | 27.8 | |
Company Size | |||||||
1–99 employees | 46 | 59.7 | 25 | 61.0 | 21 | 59.7 | χ2 (2) = 0.09; p = 0.96 |
100–499 employees | 16 | 20.8 | 8 | 19.5 | 8 | 20.8 | |
Over 500 employees | 15 | 19.5 | 8 | 19.5 | 7 | 19.5 | |
Work functioning (last 28 days) | |||||||
Full day absent mean (SD) | 5.61 (9.92) | 6.95 (11.26) | 4.08 (8.01) | t(75) = 1.29; p = 0.19 | |||
Partial days absent mean (SD) | 3.52 (8.27) | 4.68 (9.47) | 2.19 (6.53) | t(75) = 1.36; p = 0.18 | |||
Performance mean (SD) | 56.49 (24.64) | 53.90 (23.65) | 59.44 (25.74) | t(75) = 0.98; p = 0.33 | |||
Mental health characteristics | |||||||
Duration of depression concerns | |||||||
0–6 months | 19 | 24.7 | 12 | 29.3 | 7 | 19.4 | χ2 (2) = 1.11; p = 0.58 |
7–12 months | 11 | 14.3 | 6 | 14.6 | 5 | 13.9 | |
>1 year | 47 | 61.0 | 23 | 56.12 | 24 | 66.7 | |
Duration of anxiety concerns | |||||||
0–6 months | 14 | 18.2 | 9 | 22.0 | 5 | 18.2 | χ2 (2) = 1.02; p = 0.60 |
7–12 months | 5 | 6.5 | 3 | 7.3 | 2 | 5.5 | |
>1 year | 58 | 75.3 | 29 | 70.7 | 29 | 75.3 | |
Pre-treatment symptom scores | |||||||
PHQ-9 mean (SD) | 12.77 (5.53) | 12.71 (5.67) | 12.83 (5.50) | t(75) = 0.09; p = 0.92 | |||
GAD-7 mean (SD) | 10.86 (4.54) | 10.51 (4.70) | 11.25 (4.38) | t(75) = 0.71; p = 0.48 | |||
SPS-6 mean (SD) | 5.64 (5.21) | 5.44 (5.39) | 5.86 (5.07) | t(75) = 0.35; p = 0.72 | |||
SIAS-6 mean (SD) | 8.47 (5.64) | 8.19 (5.99) | 8.78 (5.29) | t(75) = 0.45; p = 0.65 |
Estimated Marginal Means | Percentage Reductions from Pre-Treatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Treatment | 4-Week Follow-up | 8-Week Follow-up | to 4-Week Follow-up | to 8-Week Follow-up | |
AccoKnow a | |||||
Course | 4.63 (3.29) | 6.53 (2.38) | 6.92 (2.12) | −40 [−57, −22] | −47 [−62, −32] |
Wait-list Control | 3.47 (2.81) | 3.66 (2.42) | 3.83 (2.51) | −6 [−29, 17] | −11 [−34, 13] |
SSMIS (Aware) b | |||||
Course | 17.68 (9.85) | 15.81 (9.15) | 20.45 (11.98) | 11 [−7, 29] | −16 [−39, 8] |
Wait-list Control | 23.83 (10.32) | 25.08 (10.49) | 26.28 (11.08) | −5 [−20, 9] | −10 [−26, 5] |
SSMIS (Agree) b | |||||
Course | 12.12 (6.64) | 11.89 (6.95) | 12.29 (8.01) | 2 [−18, 22] | −1 [−24, 21] |
Wait-list Control | 15.47 (8.72) | 12.96 (6.69) | 15.01 (7.57) | 16 [2, 30] | 3 [−13, 19] |
SSMIS (Apply) b | |||||
Course | 13.02 (6.04) | 12.43 (6.92) | 12.08 (6.46) | 5 [−12, 22] | 7 [−9, 23] |
Wait-list Control | 15.78 (8.51) | 14.63 (7.14) | 14.95 (6.36) | 7 [−7, 22] | 5 [−8, 19] |
SSMIS (Hurts) b | |||||
Course | 14.12 (7.82) | 11.45 (7.20) | 12.04 (8.75) | 19 [3, 35] | 15 [−5, 34] |
Wait-list Control | 16.78 (9.03) | 14.49 (8.58) | 14.39 (7.77) | 14 [−3, 30] | 14 [−1, 30] |
WRS b | |||||
Course | 40.10 (12.66) | 39.86 (11.40) | 38.82 (10.82) | 1 [−9, 10] | 3 [−5, 11] |
Wait-list Control | 39.75 (11.11) | 39.63 (9.99) | 40.19 (9.88) | 0 [−8, 8] | −1 [−9, 7] |
WHOHPQ (PD) b | |||||
Course | 3.80 (7.02) | 3.51 (6.96) | 2.98 (7.18) | 8 [−55, 71] | 22 [−44, 87] |
Wait-list Control | 2.19 (6.53) | 4.49 (9.57) | 2.71 (8.13) | −104 [−249, 40] | −23 [−148, 101] |
WHOHPQ (Pre) a | |||||
Course | 53.90 (23.65) | 55.20 (26.37) | 62.24 (20.46) | −2 [−18, 13] | −15 [−29, −2] |
Wait-list Control | 59.44 (25.74) | 56.20 (26.79) | 55.08 (27.28) | 5 [−9, 20] | 7 [−7, 22] |
NGSE a | |||||
Course | 3.29 (0.74) | 3.51 (0.70) | 3.73 (0.66) | −8 [−15, −1] | −13 [−20, −6] |
Wait-list Control | 3.43 (0.73) | 3.49 (0.69) | 3.49 (0.68) | −2 [−8, 4] | −2 [−8, 5] |
DISC (Comfort Full) a | |||||
Course | 2.59 (0.89) | 2.71 (0.75) | 2.80 (0.79) | −5 [−14, 4] | −8 [−18, 2] |
Wait-list Control | 2.36 (0.87) | 2.54 (0.79) | 2.43 (0.91) | −7 [−18, 4] | −3 [−15, 10] |
DISC (Comfort Partial) a | |||||
Course | 2.29 (0.75) | 2.54 (072) | 2.53 (0.78) | −11 [−22, 0] | −10 [−21, 1] |
Wait-list Control | 2.42 (0.87) | 2.57 (0.71) | 2.66 (0.85) | −6 [−16, 3] | −10 [−22, 1] |
DISC (Rate) a | |||||
Course | 2.05 (0.71) | 2.16 (0.66) | 2.35 (0.54) | −5 [−16, 5] | −15 [−24, −6] |
Wait-list Control | 2.11 (0.57) | 2.10 (0.67) | 2.17 (0.64) | 0 [−10, 11] | −3 [−13, 7] |
PHQ-9 b | |||||
Course | 12.71 (5.67) | 9.31 (5.98) | 9.08 (7.26) | 27 [12, 42] | 29 [11, 46] |
Wait-list Control | 12.83 (5.46) | 9.44 (4.86) | 9.70 (5.03) | 26 [14, 39] | 24 [12, 37] |
GAD-7 b | |||||
Course | 10.51 (4.70) | 7.58 (4.29) | 7.54 (5.97) | 28 [14, 41] | 28 [10, 47] |
Wait-list Control | 11.25 (4.38) | 8.40 (5.12) | 9.40 (5.00) | 25 [10, 40] | 16 [2, 31] |
SPS-6 b | |||||
Course | 5.44 (5.39) | 4.83 (6.05) | 4.92 (6.01) | 11 [−22, 45] | 10 [−24, 43] |
Wait-list Control | 5.86 (5.07) | 6.11 (5.91) | 5.94 (5.20) | −4 [−37, 29] | −1 [−32, 29] |
SIAS-6 b | |||||
Course | 8.20 (5.99) | 6.96 (5.97) | 7.23 (6.28) | 15 [−7, 37] | 11 [−12, 35] |
Wait-list Control | 8.78 (5.29) | 8.36 (5.96) | 8.55 (5.67) | 5 [−18, 27] | 3 [−18, 24] |
Within-Group Effect Sizes from Pre-Treatment | Between-Group Effect Size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
to 4-Week Follow-up | to 8-Week Follow-up | at 4-Week Follow-up | at 8-Week Follow-up | |
AccoKnow | ||||
Course | −0.65 [−1.09, −0.20] | −0.81 [−1.26, −0.36] | 1.17 [0.69, 1.66] | 1.31 [0.82, 1.80] |
Wait-list Control | −0.07 [−0.53, 0.39] | −0.13 [−0.60, 0.33] | ||
SSMIS (Aware) | ||||
Course | 0.19 [−0.24, 0.63] | −0.25 [−0.68, 0.19] | −0.93 [−1.40, −0.46] | −0.49 [−0.95, −0.04] |
Wait-list Control | −0.12 [−0.58, 0.35] | −0.22 [−0.69, 0.24] | ||
SSMIS (Agree) | ||||
Course | 0.03 [−0.40, 0.47] | −0.02 [−0.46, 0.41] | −0.15 [−0.60, 0.29] | −0.34 [−0.79, 0.11] |
Wait-list Control | 0.32 [−0.15, 0.78] | 0.06 [−0.41, 0.52] | ||
SSMIS (Apply) | ||||
Course | 0.09 [−0.34, 0.52] | 0.15 [−0.28, 0.58] | −0.31 [−0.76, 0.14] | −0.44 [−0.89, 0.01] |
Wait-list Control | 0.14 [−0.32, 0.61] | 0.11 [−0.35, 0.57] | ||
SSMIS (Hurts) | ||||
Course | 0.35 [−0.09, 0.78] | 0.25 [−0.19, 0.68] | −0.38 [−0.83, 0.07] | −0.28 [−0.73, 0.17] |
Wait-list Control | 0.25 [−0.21, 0.72] | 0.28 [−0.19, 0.74] | ||
WRS | ||||
Course | 0.02 [−0.41, 0.45] | 0.11 [−0.33, 0.54] | 0.02 [−0.43, 0.47] | −0.13 [−0.58, 0.32] |
Wait-list Control | 0.01 [−0.45, 0.47] | −0.04 [−0.50, 0.42] | ||
WHOHPQ (PD) | ||||
Course | 0.04 [−0.39, 0.47] | 0.11 [−0.32, 0.55] | −0.12 [−0.56, 0.33] | 0.04 [−0.41, 0.48] |
Wait-list Control | −0.27 [−0.74, 0.19] | −0.07 [−0.53, 0.39] | ||
WHOHPQ (Pre) | ||||
Course | −0.05 [−0.48, 0.38] | −0.37 [−0.81, 0.07] | −0.04 [−0.48, 0.41] | 0.29 [−0.16, 0.74] |
Wait-list Control | 0.12 [−0.34, 0.58] | 0.16 [−0.30, 0.62] | ||
NGSE | ||||
Course | −0.29 [−0.73, 0.14] | −0.62 [−1.06, −0.17] | 0.02 [−0.42, 0.47] | 0.35 [−0.10, 0.80] |
Wait-list Control | −0.08 [−0.54, 0.38] | −0.09 [−0.55, 0.37] | ||
DISC (Comfort Full) | ||||
Course | −0.15 [−0.59, 0.28] | −0.25 [−0.68, 0.19] | 0.23 [−0.22, 0.68] | 0.43 [−0.02, 0.88] |
Wait-list Control | −0.21 [−0.67, 0.26] | −0.07 [−0.54, 0.39] | ||
DISC (Comfort Partial) | ||||
Course | −0.33 [−0.77, 0.11] | −0.30 [−0.74, 0.13] | −0.04 [−0.49, 0.40] | −0.16 [−0.61, 0.29] |
Wait-list Control | −0.19 [0.66, 0.27] | −0.28 [−0.75, 0.18] | ||
DISC (Rate) | ||||
Course | −0.16 [−0.59, 0.28] | −0.47 [−0.91, −0.04] | 0.08 [−0.37, 0.53] | 0.30 [−0.15, 0.75] |
Wait-list Control | 0.01 [−0.45, 0.47] | −0.10 [−0.56, 0.36] | ||
PHQ-9 | ||||
Course | 0.57 [0.13, 1.01] | 0.55 [0.11, 0.99] | −0.02 [−0.47, 0.42] | −0.10 [−0.54, 0.35] |
Wait-list Control | 0.64 [0.17, 1.12] | 0.58 [0.11, 1.06] | ||
GAD-7 | ||||
Course | 0.64 [0.20, 1.08] | 0.54 [0.10, 0.98] | −0.17 [−0.62, 0.28] | −0.33 [−0.78, 0.12] |
Wait-list Control | 0.59 [0.11, 1.06] | 0.38 [−0.08, 0.85] | ||
SPS-6 | ||||
Course | 0.10 [−0.33, 0.54] | 0.09 [−0.34, 0.52] | −0.21 [−0.66, 0.24] | −0.18 [−0.63, 0.27] |
Wait-list Control | −0.04 [−0.51, 0.42] | −0.01 [−0.48, 0.45] | ||
SIAS-6 | ||||
Course | 0.20 [−0.23, 0.64] | 0.15 [−0.28, 0.58] | −0.23 [−0.68, 0.22] | −0.21 [−0.66, 0.24] |
Wait-list Control | 0.07 [−0.39, 0.53] | 0.04 [−0.42, 0.50] |
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Share and Cite
Faller, Y.N.; Peynenburg, V.; Tessier, E.; Thiessen, D.; Hadjistavropoulos, H.D. Efficacy of an Online Workplace Mental Health Accommodations Psychoeducational Course: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075317
Faller YN, Peynenburg V, Tessier E, Thiessen D, Hadjistavropoulos HD. Efficacy of an Online Workplace Mental Health Accommodations Psychoeducational Course: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(7):5317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075317
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaller, Yvonne Nichole, Vanessa Peynenburg, Eric Tessier, David Thiessen, and Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos. 2023. "Efficacy of an Online Workplace Mental Health Accommodations Psychoeducational Course: A Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 7: 5317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075317