Dismantling the Component-Specific Effects of Yogic Breathing: Feasibility of a Fully Remote Three-Arm RCT with Virtual Laboratory Visits and Wearable Physiology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria and Randomized Trial Design
2.2. Recruitment and Consent
2.3. Randomization and Interventions
2.4. Virtual Lab Visits
2.5. Baseline Questionnaire-Based Measures
2.6. Daily Logs
2.7. Ambulatory Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability
2.8. Outcome Measurements
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Feasibility of the Remote RCT
3.2. Feasibility of Wearable Devices to Detect Intervention-Specific Breathing Patterns
3.3. Mindfulness
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | SPB | M | SPB + M | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (F/M) | 12/6 | 4/1 | 4/2 | 4/3 |
Age (M yrs, SD) | 24.2 (2.9) | 24.6 (2.1) | 23.7 (3.7) | 24.3 (3.1) |
Ethnicity | ||||
Hispanic | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Non-Hispanic | 16 | 4 | 5 | 7 |
Race | ||||
Black or African American | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Asian American | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
White | 11 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
Other specified | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Multi-racial | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Baseline questionnaires | ||||
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) | 14.9 (5.1) | 18.6 (5.1) | 14.7 (5.5) | 12.4 (3.7) |
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | 4.2 (2.2) | 4 (3.6) | 4.2 (0.8) | 4.4 (2.2) |
Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ) | ||||
General Distress | 16.2 (7.2) | 23.6 (8.6) | 14.8 (4.5) | 12 (3.6) |
Anxious Arousal | 13.6 (5.2) | 18.8 (7.6) | 12 (2.3) | 11.3 (1.6) |
Anhedonic Depression | 19.9 (5.4) | 22.4 (7.9) | 18.7 (4.8) | 19.1 (3.8) |
Total mood disturbance | 49.7 (15.3) | 64.8 (21.5) | 45.5 (8.5) | 42.4 (4.6) |
Big Five Inventory of personality (BFI) | ||||
Extraversion | 27.3 (5.7) | 28.4 (3.6) | 26.5 (6.2) | 27.1 (7.1) |
Agreeableness | 35.7 (4.5) | 36.2 (3.6) | 33 (4.4) | 37.6 (4.6) |
Conscientiousness | 35.1 (5.7) | 35 (6.4) | 33.2 (6.1) | 36.9 (5.1) |
Neuroticism | 20.7 (5.2) | 21.8 (5.4) | 22.7 (3.7) | 18.3 (5.7) |
Openness | 32.3 (4.9) | 33.4 (5.2) | 32.2 (5.4) | 31.6 (5) |
All | SPB | M | SPB + M | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Daily sleep logs (%) | ||||
Pre | 96.4 (8.9) | 92.9 (16) | 96.4 (6) | 99 (2.7) |
Post | 91.7 (17.4) | 100 (0) | 83.3 (28.1) | 92.9 (8.2) |
Daily practice logs (%) | ||||
Weeks 1–2 | 80.6 (24.5) | 85.7 (16.8) | 76.2 (27.4) | 80.6 (29.1) |
Weeks 3–4 | 73.4 (23.1) | 75.7 (21.8) | 64.3 (32.3) | 79.6 (13.9) |
Weeks 5–6 | 67.5 (26.4) | 68.6 (35.2) | 57.1 (28.9) | 75.5 (16.4) |
Weeks 7–8 | 64.7 (31.6) | 72.9 (29.2) | 57.1 (41.4) | 65.3 (26.9) |
Total | 72.8 (22.7) | 77.1 (24.5) | 64.9 (30.9) | 76.5 (13.3) |
SPB | M | SPB + M | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pre | post | pre | post | pre | post | |
Average breathing rate during practice | 6.0 (0) | 6.0 (0.2) | 11.9 (3.9) | 11.7 (5.1) | 6.0 (0) | 6.0 (0) |
Langer Mindfulness Scale (LMS) | ||||||
Total | 100.2 (11.5) | 99.6 (11.8) | 106.5 (13) | 111.7 (6.8) | 107.7 (10.4) | 109.7 (11.6) |
Flexibility | 19.2 (1.6) | 18.8 (2.5) | 21 (3.7) | 23.2 (2.2) | 19.4 (3) | 19.6 (2) |
Novelty seeking | 28.6 (8.7) | 29.6 (6.3) | 34.8 (5.5) | 34 (3.7) | 35.1 (2.7) | 34.7 (3.6) |
Novelty producing | 26.6 (2.2) | 26 (2.5) | 25.3 (5.1) | 27.3 (4.5) | 26.3 (6.4) | 28.4 (6.3) |
Engagement | 25.8 (3.8) | 25.2 (4.9) | 25.3 (4.8) | 27.2 (2.9) | 26.9 (2.7) | 27 (2.7) |
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) | ||||||
Total | 129 (24.5) | 123 (33.8) | 120.8 (9.9) | 122.7 (16.6) | 137.9 (8.1) | 138.4 (13.2) |
Observe | 25 (6.2) | 24 (6.5) | 19.8 (3.1) | 22.8 (3.6) | 25.9 (2.7) | 26.9 (2.9) |
Describe | 29.6 (7.4) | 27.2 (10.4) | 26.7 (5.3) | 26.7 (6.3) | 29.6 (3.9) | 29.7 (5) |
Act with awareness | 26.6 (7.1) | 24.8 (9.6) | 26.3 (3.2) | 25.3 (4.2) | 28.7 (4.8) | 29.4 (5.3) |
Non-judging of inner experience | 24.8 (9.1) | 23.4 (10.5) | 27.3 (8.8) | 25.3 (10.7) | 29.7 (6.6) | 29.7 (7.5) |
Non-reactivity to inner experience | 23 (4.9) | 23.6 (6.1) | 20.7 (1.5) | 22.5 (2.9) | 24 (3.1) | 22.7 (4) |
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Ma, Y.; Yang, H.; Vazquez, M.; Buraks, O.; Haack, M.; Mullington, J.M.; Goldstein, M.R. Dismantling the Component-Specific Effects of Yogic Breathing: Feasibility of a Fully Remote Three-Arm RCT with Virtual Laboratory Visits and Wearable Physiology. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043180
Ma Y, Yang H, Vazquez M, Buraks O, Haack M, Mullington JM, Goldstein MR. Dismantling the Component-Specific Effects of Yogic Breathing: Feasibility of a Fully Remote Three-Arm RCT with Virtual Laboratory Visits and Wearable Physiology. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043180
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Yan, Huan Yang, Michael Vazquez, Olivia Buraks, Monika Haack, Janet M. Mullington, and Michael R. Goldstein. 2023. "Dismantling the Component-Specific Effects of Yogic Breathing: Feasibility of a Fully Remote Three-Arm RCT with Virtual Laboratory Visits and Wearable Physiology" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043180