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Volume 20
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10.3390/ijerph20042947
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Article

Investigation of the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Ultrafine Particles (PM0.1) during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Medium-Sized City in Indonesia

by
Rizki Andre Handika
1,2,
Worradorn Phairuang
3,
Muhammad Amin
3,
Adyati Pradini Yudison
4,
Febri Juita Anggraini
2,
Mitsuhiko Hata
3 and
Masami Furuuchi
3,5,*
1
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
2
Faculty of Science and Technology, Jambi University, Jambi 36364, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
4
Air and Waste Management Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
5
Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 2947; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042947
Submission received: 6 December 2022 / Revised: 19 January 2023 / Accepted: 6 February 2023 / Published: 8 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
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Abstract

The health risk of schoolchildren who were exposed to airborne fine and ultrafine particles (PM0.1) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Jambi City (a medium-sized city in Sumatra Island), Indonesia was examined. A questionnaire survey was used to collect information on schoolchildren from selected schools and involved information on personal profiles; living conditions; daily activities and health status. Size-segregated ambient particulate matter (PM) in school environments was collected over a period of 24 h on weekdays and the weekend. The personal exposure of PM of eight selected schoolchildren from five schools was evaluated for a 12-h period during the daytime using a personal air sampler for PM0.1 particles. The schoolchildren spent their time mostly indoors (~88%), while the remaining ~12% was spent in traveling and outdoor activities. The average exposure level was 1.5~7.6 times higher than the outdoor level and it was particularly high for the PM0.1 fraction (4.8~7.6 times). Cooking was shown to be a key parameter that explains such a large increase in the exposure level. The PM0.1 had the largest total respiratory deposition doses (RDDs), particularly during light exercise. The high level of PM0.1 exposure by indoor sources potentially associated with health risks was shown to be important.
Keywords: school environments; personal exposure; ultrafine particles; PM0.1; questionnaire survey school environments; personal exposure; ultrafine particles; PM0.1; questionnaire survey

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MDPI and ACS Style

Handika, R.A.; Phairuang, W.; Amin, M.; Yudison, A.P.; Anggraini, F.J.; Hata, M.; Furuuchi, M. Investigation of the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Ultrafine Particles (PM0.1) during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Medium-Sized City in Indonesia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042947

AMA Style

Handika RA, Phairuang W, Amin M, Yudison AP, Anggraini FJ, Hata M, Furuuchi M. Investigation of the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Ultrafine Particles (PM0.1) during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Medium-Sized City in Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):2947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042947

Chicago/Turabian Style

Handika, Rizki Andre, Worradorn Phairuang, Muhammad Amin, Adyati Pradini Yudison, Febri Juita Anggraini, Mitsuhiko Hata, and Masami Furuuchi. 2023. "Investigation of the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Ultrafine Particles (PM0.1) during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Medium-Sized City in Indonesia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 2947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042947

APA Style

Handika, R. A., Phairuang, W., Amin, M., Yudison, A. P., Anggraini, F. J., Hata, M., & Furuuchi, M. (2023). Investigation of the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Ultrafine Particles (PM0.1) during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Medium-Sized City in Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 2947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042947

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