Associations between Household Solid Fuel Use, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Health in China: A Cohort Study from 2011 to 2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Definition of CMD and CMM
2.3. Household Air Pollution from Solid Fuel
2.4. Definition of OW/OB and Abdominal Obesity
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Association between Household Solid Fuel and CMD or CMM
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total | Cooking | Heating | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clean Fuel | Solid Fuel | Clean Fuel | Solid Fuel | ||
No. n (%) | 6038 | 2191 (36.29) | 3847 (63.71) | 2262 (37.46) | 3776 (62.54) |
Age, mean (SD) | 59.79 (9.47) | 58.36 (9.42) | 60.61 (9.40) | 59.48 (9.58) | 59.98 (9.40) |
Gender, n (%) | |||||
Female | 3108 (51.47) | 1137 (51.89) | 1971 (51.23) | 1181 (52.21) | 1927 (51.03) |
Male | 2930 (48.53) | 1054 (48.11) | 1876 (48.77) | 1081 (47.79) | 1849 (48.97) |
OW/OB, n (%) | |||||
No | 3903 (64.64) | 1308 (59.70) | 2595 (67.46) | 1437 (63.53) | 2466 (65.31) |
Yes | 2135 (35.36) | 883 (40.30) | 1252 (32.54) | 825 (36.47) | 1310 (34.69) |
Abdominal adiposity, n (%) | |||||
No | 3224 (53.40) | 1084 (49.48) | 2140 (55.63) | 1171 (51.77) | 2053 (54.37) |
Yes | 2814 (46.60) | 1107 (50.52) | 1707 (44.37) | 1091 (48.23) | 1723 (45.63) |
Marital status, n (%) | |||||
Married | 5266 (87.21) | 1913 (87.31) | 3353 (87.16) | 1970 (87.09) | 3296 (87.29) |
Divorced/separated/widowed/never married | 772 (12.79) | 278 (12.69) | 494 (12.84) | 292 (12.91) | 480 (12.71) |
Education level, n (%) | |||||
Illiterate | 1862 (30.84) | 489 (22.32) | 1373 (35.69) | 648 (28.65) | 1214 (32.15) |
Primary school | 2591 (42.91) | 949 (43.31) | 1642 (42.68) | 968 (42.79) | 1623 (42.98) |
Middle school | 1119 (18.53) | 495 (22.59) | 624 (16.22) | 440 (19.45) | 679 (17.98) |
High school or above | 466 (7.72) | 258 (11.78) | 208 (5.41) | 206 (9.11) | 260 (6.89) |
Residence, n (%) | |||||
Rural | 5345 (88.52) | 1740 (79.42) | 3605 (93.71) | 1865 (82.45) | 3480 (92.16) |
Urban | 693 (11.48) | 451 (20.58) | 242 (6.29) | 397 (17.55) | 296 (7.84) |
Smoking, n (%) | |||||
No | 3579 (59.27) | 1362 (62.16) | 2217 (57.63) | 1399 (61.85) | 2180 (57.73) |
Yes | 2459 (40.73) | 829 (37.84) | 1630 (42.37) | 863 (38.15) | 1596 (42.27) |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | |||||
No | 4010 (66.41) | 1435 (65.50) | 2575 (66.94) | 1498 (66.22) | 2512 (66.53) |
Yes | 2028 (33.59) | 756 (34.50) | 1272 (33.06) | 764 (33.78) | 1264 (33.47) |
CMD | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall (n = 6038) | OW/OB (n = 2135) | Non-OW/OB (n = 3903) | |||||||
Cases | Cases/PYs (1/10,000) | HRs (95%CI) | Cases | Cases/PYs (1/10,000) | HRs (95%CI) | Cases | Cases/PYs (1/10,000) | HRs (95%CI) | |
Cooking | |||||||||
Household fuel | |||||||||
Clean fuel | 315 | 648.01 | 1.00 | 173 | 786.36 | 1.00 | 142 | 533.63 | 1.00 |
Solid fuel | 652 | 1341.29 | 1.25 (1.09, 1.43) | 268 | 1218.18 | 1.13 (0.93, 1.37) | 384 | 1443.07 | 1.42 (1.16, 1.73) |
Duration of solid fuel use | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.08 (1.04, 1.11) | ||||||
Types of household fuel | |||||||||
Clean fuel | 315 | 648.01 | 1.00 | 173 | 786.36 | 1.00 | 142 | 533.63 | 1.00 |
Coal | 138 | 283.89 | 1.37 (1.13, 1.67) | 76 | 345.45 | 1.23 (0.94, 1.60) | 62 | 232.99 | 1.45 (1.08, 1.95) |
Crop residue/wood | 514 | 1057.40 | 1.21 (1.05, 1.40) | 192 | 872.73 | 1.09 (0.88, 1.34) | 322 | 1210.07 | 1.41 (1.15, 1.73) |
Heating | |||||||||
Household fuel | |||||||||
Clean fuel | 320 | 658.30 | 1.00 | 143 | 650.00 | 1.00 | 177 | 665.16 | 1.00 |
Solid fuel | 647 | 1331.00 | 1.27 (1.11, 1.45) | 298 | 1354.55 | 1.38 (1.13, 1.68) | 349 | 1311.54 | 1.18 (0.98, 1.42) |
Duration of solid fuel use | 1.13 (1.08, 1.17) | 1.15 (1.09, 1.21) | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | ||||||
Types of household fuel | |||||||||
Clean fuel | 320 | 658.30 | 1.00 | 143 | 650.34 | 1.00 | 177 | 665.16 | 1.00 |
Coal | 345 | 709.73 | 1.42 (1.22, 1.65) | 187 | 850.00 | 1.49 (1.20, 1.85) | 158 | 593.76 | 1.28 (1.04, 1.58) |
Crop residue/wood | 302 | 621.27 | 1.12 (0.96, 1.32) | 111 | 504.55 | 1.22 (0.95, 1.56) | 191 | 717.78 | 1.10 (0.90, 1.36) |
CMM | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall (n = 6038) | OW/OB (n = 2135) | Non-OW/OB (n = 3903) | |||||||
Cases | Cases/PYs (1/10,000) | HRs (95%CI) | Cases | Cases/PYs (1/10,000) | HRs (95%CI) | Cases | Cases/PYs (1/10,000) | HRs (95%CI) | |
Cooking | |||||||||
Household fuel | |||||||||
Clean fuel | 38 | 576.63 | 1.00 | 24 | 626.63 | 1.00 | 14 | 507.25 | 1.00 |
Solid fuel | 77 | 1168.44 | 1.15 (0.78, 1.69) | 43 | 1122.72 | 1.14 (0.71, 1.83) | 34 | 1231.88 | 1.28 (0.66, 2.50) |
Duration of solid fuel use | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.18) | ||||||
Types of household fuel use | |||||||||
Clean fuel | 38 | 576.63 | 1.00 | 24 | 626.63 | 1.00 | 14 | 507.25 | 1.00 |
Coal | 16 | 242.79 | 1.27 (0.71, 2.27) | 12 | 313.32 | 1.28 (0.65, 2.53) | 4 | 144.93 | 0.95 (0.30, 2.93) |
Crop residue/wood | 61 | 925.64 | 1.12 (0.74, 1.68) | 31 | 809.40 | 1.09 (0.65, 1.80) | 30 | 1086.96 | 1.36 (0.69, 2.71) |
Heating | |||||||||
Household fuel | |||||||||
Clean fuel | 34 | 515.93 | 1.00 | 16 | 417.75 | 1.00 | 18 | 652.17 | 1.00 |
Solid fuel | 81 | 1229.14 | 1.43 (0.96, 2.13) | 51 | 1331.59 | 1.91 (1.09, 3.34) | 30 | 1086.96 | 1.00 (0.55, 1.80) |
Duration of solid fuel use | 1.21 (1.08, 1.34) | 1.26 (1.10, 1.44) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.35) | ||||||
Types of household fuel use | |||||||||
Clean fuel | 34 | 515.93 | 1.00 | 16 | 417.75 | 1.00 | 18 | 652.17 | 1.00 |
Coal | 40 | 606.98 | 1.50 (0.95, 2.37) | 29 | 757.18 | 1.92 (1.03, 3.55) | 11 | 398.55 | 0.88 (0.41, 1.89) |
Crop residue/wood | 41 | 622.15 | 1.37 (0.87, 2.15) | 22 | 574.41 | 1.90 (1.01, 3.59) | 19 | 688.41 | 1.09 (0.57, 2.08) |
CMD | CMM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Variable | Cases | Cases/PYs (1/10,000) | HRs (95%CI) | Cases | Cases/PYs (1/10,000) | HRs (95%CI) |
Cooking (solid fuel) | OW/OB | ||||||
− | − | 142 | 292.12 | 1.00 | 14 | 212.44 | 1.00 |
− | + | 173 | 355.89 | 1.78 (1.43, 2.22) | 24 | 364.19 | 2.57 (1.34, 4.96) |
+ | − | 384 | 789.96 | 1.40 (1.15, 1.70) | 34 | 515.93 | 1.16 (0.61, 2.18) |
+ | + | 268 | 551.33 | 2.05 (1.67, 2.51) | 43 | 652.50 | 3.16 (1.76, 5.67) |
Heating (solid fuel) | OW/OB | ||||||
− | − | 177 | 364.12 | 1.00 | 18 | 273.14 | 1.00 |
− | + | 143 | 294.18 | 1.39 (1.12, 1.73) | 16 | 242.79 | 1.58 (0.80, 3.13) |
+ | − | 349 | 717.96 | 1.18 (0.99, 1.41) | 30 | 455.24 | 0.95 (0.53, 1.70) |
+ | + | 298 | 613.04 | 1.93 (1.60, 2.31) | 51 | 773.90 | 3.15 (1.84, 5.39) |
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Zhen, S.; Li, Q.; Liao, J.; Zhu, B.; Liang, F. Associations between Household Solid Fuel Use, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Health in China: A Cohort Study from 2011 to 2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042826
Zhen S, Li Q, Liao J, Zhu B, Liang F. Associations between Household Solid Fuel Use, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Health in China: A Cohort Study from 2011 to 2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042826
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhen, Shihan, Qian Li, Jian Liao, Bin Zhu, and Fengchao Liang. 2023. "Associations between Household Solid Fuel Use, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Health in China: A Cohort Study from 2011 to 2018" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042826