Risk Factors for Injury in CrossFit®—A Retrospective Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. The Questionnaire
2.3. Injuries Incidence
2.4. Incidence Rates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Incidence of Injuries
4. Discussion
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | Body Mass Index |
DOMS | Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness |
DOSS | Delayed Onset Softissue Stiffness |
VAS | Visual Analogues Scale |
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Total (n = 424) | Injured (n = 204) | Not Injured (n = 220) | * p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||
Age (years) | 34 (29–40) | 34 (29–39) | 34 (29–40) | 0.774 |
Height (cm) | 176 (170–182) | 176 (170–182) | 175 (168–182) | 0.497 |
Weight (kg) | 80 (67–88.9) | 80 (68–88.5) | 79.5 (65–88.9) | 0.482 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 (22.98–27.13) | 25.37 (23.14–27.04) | 24.87 (22.63–27.16) | 0.513 |
Experience in CrossFit training (years) | 3 (1.5–4) | 3 (2–4) | 2.5 (1–4) | 0.002 |
Weekly participation in CrossFit training (days) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 0.874 |
Length of training sessions (hours) | 1 (1–1.5) | 1 (1–1.5) | 1 (1–1.5) | 0.112 |
Training despite of pain—other than (DOMS) (VAS-scale) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (1–4) | <0.001 |
Total = 424 (100) | Injured = 204 (48.11) | Not Injured = 220 (51.89) | * p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Gender | ||||
Male | 266 (62.73) | 139 (32.78) | 127 (29.95) | 0.027 |
Female | 158 (37.26) | 65 (15.33) | 93 (21.93) | |
Age (years) | ||||
18–29 | 117 (27.59) | 52 (12.26) | 65 (15.33) | 0.501 |
30–39 | 200 (47.16) | 102 (24.06) | 98 (23.11) | |
40–56 | 107 (25.23) | 50 (11.79) | 57 (13.44) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
Normal weight (18.5–24.99) | 205 (48.34) | 94 (22.17) | 111 (26.18) | 0.368 |
Overweight (25–29.99) | 219 (51.65) | 110 (25.94) | 109 (25.71) | |
Experience in CrossFit® training (in years) | ||||
0.5–1.5 | 108 (25.47) | 39 (9.22) | 68 (16.08) | 0.041 |
2–2.5 | 87 (20.51) | 43 (10.17) | 44 (10.4) | |
3–3.5 | 76 (17.92) | 36 (8.51) | 40 (9.46) | |
4–4.5 | 65 (15.33) | 37 (8.75) | 28 (6.62) | |
5–10 | 88 (20.75) | 49 (11.58) | 39 (9.22) | |
Length of training sessions (hours) | ||||
0.5–1 | 263 (62.02) | 117 (27.59) | 146 (34.43) | 0.056 |
1.5–3 | 161 (37.97) | 87 (20.52) | 74 (17.45) | |
Weekly participation in CrossFit® training (days) | ||||
1–3 | 159 (37.5) | 73 (17.22) | 86 (20.28) | 0.160 |
4 | 131 (30.89) | 72 (16.98) | 59 (13.92) | |
5–10 | 134 (31.6) | 59 (13.92) | 75 (17.69) | |
Participation in sports before taking to CrossFit® | ||||
Yes | 352 (83.01) | 177 (41.75) | 175 (41.27) | 0.048 |
No | 72 (16.98) | 27 (6.37) | 45 (10.61) | |
Sport activity outside CrossFit® | ||||
Yes | 273 (64.38) | 133 (31.37) | 140 (33.02) | 0.738 |
No | 151 (35.61) | 71 (16.75) | 80 (18.87) | |
Warm-up included in workouts | ||||
Yes | 408 (96.22) | 195 (45.99) | 213 (50.24) | 0.507 |
No | 16 (3.77) | 9 (2.12) | 7 (1.65) | |
Cool-down included in workouts | ||||
Yes | 238 (56.13) | 117 (27.59) | 121 (28.54) | 0.626 |
No | 186 (43.86) | 87 (20.52) | 99 (23.35) | |
Stretching included in warm-up | ||||
Yes | 342 (80.66) | 162 (38.21) | 180 (42.45) | 0.531 |
No | 82 (19.33) | 42 (9.91) | 40 (9.43) | |
Stretching included in cool-down | ||||
Yes | 253 (59.66) | 117 (27.59) | 136 (32.08) | 0.349 |
No | 171 (40.33) | 87 (20.52) | 84 (19.81) | |
Isometric exercises included in warm-up | ||||
Yes | 159 (37.5) | 64 (15.09) | 95 (22.41) | 0.012 |
No | 265 (62.5) | 140 (33.02) | 125 (29.48) | |
Training despite of pain—other than (DOMS) | ||||
Yes | 163 (38.44) | 94 (22.17) | 69 (16.27) | 0.002 |
No | 261 (61.55) | 110 (25.94) | 151 (35.16) | |
Routine physiotherapy exposure | ||||
Yes | 161 (37.97) | 84 (19.81) | 77 (18.16) | 0.190 |
No | 263 (62.02) | 120 (28.3) | 143 (33.73) | |
Professional work | ||||
White collars | 337 (79.48) | 157 (37.03) | 180 (42.45) | 0.216 |
Blue collars | 87 (20.51) | 47 (11.08) | 40 (9.43) | |
Participation in CrossFit® competitions | ||||
Competitor | 58 (13.67) | 30 (7.08) | 28 (6.6) | 0.554 |
Non-Competitor | 366 (86.32) | 174 (41.04) | 192 (45.28) |
Variable | Odds Ratio | (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.515 | 0.308–0.861 | 0.011 |
Age | 1.006 | 0.976–1.037 | 0.662 |
BMI | 0.918 | 0.831- 1.014 | 0.094 |
Experience in CrossFit® training | 1.139 | 1.001–1.295 | 0.046 |
Participation in sport before starting with CrossFit® | 1.615 | 0.895–2.913 | 0.110 |
Sport activity outside CrossFit® | 0.904 | 0.580–1.411 | 0.659 |
Weekly participation in CrossFit® training | 0.946 | 0.801–1.117 | 0.516 |
Length of training sessions | 1.213 | 0.726–2.027 | 0.459 |
Participation in CrossFit® competitions | 0.679 | 0.315–1.460 | 0.321 |
Professional work | 1.157 | 0.692–1.933 | 0.576 |
Training despite of pain—other than (DOMS) | 0.54 | 0.354–0.823 | 0.004 |
Routine physiotherapy exposure | 1.194 | 0.774–1.842 | 0.420 |
Warm-up included in workouts | 0.999 | 0.963–1.037 | 0.988 |
Cool-down included in workouts | 1.621 | 0.907–2.896 | 0.102 |
Stretching included in warm-up | 0.841 | 0.489–1.445 | 0.530 |
Stretching included in cool-down | 0.621 | 0.350–1.099 | 0.101 |
Isometric exercises included in warm-up | 0.563 | 0.367–0.863 | 0.008 |
Body Part | Frequency | Percent | Incidence/1000 Athlete Training Hours |
---|---|---|---|
shoulder | 24 | 20.51 | 0.73 |
lower back/lumbar spine | 23 | 19.65 | 0.7 |
knee | 15 | 12.82 | 0.46 |
arm muscles | 12 | 10.25 | 0.36 |
wrist/hand | 12 | 10.25 | 0.36 |
ankle/foot | 6 | 5.12 | 0.18 |
elbow | 6 | 5.12 | 0.18 |
forearm muscles | 4 | 3.41 | 0.12 |
thigh muscles | 4 | 3.41 | 0.12 |
neck/cervical spine | 3 | 2.56 | 0.09 |
upper back/thoracic spine | 3 | 2.56 | 0.09 |
shank muscles | 3 | 2.56 | 0.09 |
hip | 2 | 1.7 | 0.06 |
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Szajkowski, S.; Dwornik, M.; Pasek, J.; Cieślar, G. Risk Factors for Injury in CrossFit®—A Retrospective Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032211
Szajkowski S, Dwornik M, Pasek J, Cieślar G. Risk Factors for Injury in CrossFit®—A Retrospective Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032211
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzajkowski, Sebastian, Michał Dwornik, Jarosław Pasek, and Grzegorz Cieślar. 2023. "Risk Factors for Injury in CrossFit®—A Retrospective Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032211
APA StyleSzajkowski, S., Dwornik, M., Pasek, J., & Cieślar, G. (2023). Risk Factors for Injury in CrossFit®—A Retrospective Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032211