Sponge City Construction and Urban Economic Sustainable Development: An Ecological Philosophical Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Research Design
3.1. Data Sources
3.2. Evaluation Indicators
3.2.1. Driving Force Indicators
3.2.2. Pressure Indicators
3.2.3. Status Indicators
3.2.4. Impact Indicators
3.2.5. Reaction Index
3.3. Model Design
4. The Empirical Analysis
4.1. Analysis of Baseline Model Regression Results
4.2. Parallel Trend Test
4.3. Robustness Tests
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1. Conclusions
- (1)
- On the basis of sustainable development, ecological economy, government performance management, and system dynamics, a comprehensive performance assessment index for cities was established, one which includes urbanization rate, total annual runoff control rate, capital investment in sponge cities and surface water quality index of cities. The research indicators of this paper were screened from five dimensions: driving force, pressure, state, impact and response, and an empirical model that was constructed based on the actual needs of China.
- (2)
- In terms of trend prediction, the empirical results show that sponge city construction can also play a role in improving the ecological environment while pulling along economic development, and if the system remains unchanged, then future sponge city construction will show a stable development trend, greatly promoting the improvement of total factor productivity in the city, and the social and ecological benefits of the project will continue to improve, while its economic benefits will be, within a certain range, sufficiently stable, which shows that the development prospect of sponge city is very optimistic.
- (3)
- In terms of sensitivity prediction, indicators such as runoff pollution control volume, annual runoff, control rate, annual SS removal rate, policy release volume, investment amount of construction projects, and sewage treatment rate at the evaluation index level are more sensitive to the level of sustainable urban development performance, while indicators such as ecological shoreline percentage and natural lake maintenance rate are less sensitive to the project’s performance level, indicating that sensitive indicators such as runoff pollution control volume need to be paid attention to, and that professional technical guidance basis is issued accordingly to guide the later development.
5.2. Recommendations
5.2.1. Harmonious Development of People and Nature
5.2.2. Focus on Training Professional and Technical Personnel
5.2.3. Strengthening the Participation of Citizens in Sponge City Construction
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ecology | Economy | Social | |
---|---|---|---|
Driving force D Pressure P | The number of | ||
Urbanization rate | |||
GDP | |||
Urban built-up area | Government revenue accounts for total revenue | Water resources per capita | |
Per capita park green area | The proportion of | Water consumption for ecological environment | |
State S | Sewage | Government sponge city construction project | Total water |
Investment | |||
Sponge area | Sponge city construction volume | Domestic water price | |
Natural lake retention rate | |||
Proportion of ecological shoreline | |||
The rate | |||
Sewage treatment rate | |||
Impact I | Standard rate of surface water quality | Sponge city capital input | Runoff pollution control |
Annual total runoff control rate | |||
Annual total SS removal rate | |||
The response R | Project ecological benefit | Project economic benefit | Social benefit of project |
Related policy releases |
Variable | Model (1) GDP per Capita | Model (2) GDP per Capita | Model (3) Industrial Sulfur Dioxide Emissions | Model (4) Industrial Sulfur Dioxide Emissions |
---|---|---|---|---|
Datacity | 0.691 *** | 0.121 * | −0.408 *** | −0.339 *** |
(22.34) | (7.65) | (−12.26) | (9.44) | |
Indu | 2.169 *** | 0.854 *** | ||
(15.46) | (2.81) | |||
Pop | −0.071 | 0.644 ** | ||
(−0.53) | (2.13) | |||
Skill | 1.800 *** | −0.123 | ||
(44.02) | (−1.37) | |||
Inf | 0.510 *** | 0.261 | ||
(6.72) | (1.58) | |||
Hc | 0.181 *** | −0.106 *** | ||
(13.53) | (−3.51) | |||
Invest | 0.078 *** | −0.060 | ||
(4.98) | (−1.70) | |||
Fdi | −0.061 *** | 0.092 *** | ||
(−4.05) | (3.08) | |||
Gov | 0.108 *** | −0.045 | ||
(6.22) | (−1.09) | |||
Agg | 0.718 *** | −0.105 | ||
(16.48) | (−1.111) | |||
City fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Year fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant term | 10.465 *** | −8.117 *** | 10.581 *** | 7.423 *** |
(1288.33) | (−13.46) | (1230.27) | (5.62) | |
N | 3703 | 3703 | 3703 | 3703 |
r2 | 0.139 | 0.815 | 0.053 | 0.068 |
Variable | Model (1) ML-EBM | Model (2) ML-EBM | Model (3) EC-EBM | Model (4) TC-EBM |
---|---|---|---|---|
Datacity | 0.043 *** | 0.030 *** | −0.013 | −0.032 *** |
(8.74) | (5.05) | (−0.40) | (3.57) | |
Indu | 0.176 *** | 0.130 * | 0.046 | |
(4.87) | (2.04) | (0.76) | ||
Pop | −0.175 *** | −0.177 *** | −0.031 | |
(−4.81) | (−2.79) | (−0.48) | ||
Skill | 0.035 ** | −0.015 | 0.034 | |
(2.59) | (−0.35) | (1.62) | ||
Inf | 0.083 *** | −0.014 | 0.095 *** | |
(3.92) | (−0.18) | (2.92) | ||
Hc | −0.016 | −0.021 * | 0.016 | |
(1.62) | (−1.91) | (1.22) | ||
Invest | −0.017 | −0.012 | −0.015 | |
(−1.84) | (−0.33) | (−0.78) | ||
Fdi | 0.015 | −0.013 | 0.017 | |
(1.41) | (−0.55) | (1.37) | ||
Gov | 0.024 *** | 0.028 ** | −0.012 | |
(3.42) | (2.55) | (−0.31) | ||
Agg | −0.013 | −0.024 | −0.012 | |
(−0.28) | (−0.79) | (−0.19) | ||
City fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Year fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant term | 1.012 *** | 0.465 *** | 0.958 *** | 0.613 ** |
(1035.09) | (3.15) | (3.68) | (2.68) | |
N | 3703 | 3703 | 3703 | 3703 |
r2 | 0.032 | 0.076 | 0.016 | 0.031 |
Variables | ml-ebm | ml-ebm | ml-ebm |
---|---|---|---|
Pre7 | −0.020 | 0.021 | |
(−1.60) | (1.70) | ||
Pre6 | −0.013 | 0.019 | |
(−0.41) | (1.13) | ||
Pre5 | −0.018 | 0.013 | |
(−0.97) | (0.34) | ||
Pre4 | −0.024 | −0.019 | |
(−1.83) | (−1.16) | ||
Pre3 | −0.013 | 0.011 | |
(−0.40) | (0.16) | ||
Pre2 | −0.017 | −0.017 | |
(−0.91) | (−0.83) | ||
Pre1 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.013 |
(0.21) | (0.75) | (0.43) | |
Post1 | 0.033 *** | 0.039 *** | 0.035 *** |
(3.85) | (3.65) | (3.19) | |
Post2 | 0.035 *** | 0.041 *** | 0.036 *** |
(3.58) | (3.61) | (2.09) | |
Post3 | 0.074 *** | 0.080 *** | 0.075 *** |
(6.48) | (6.25) | (5.93) | |
Control variables | Yes | No | Yes |
Constant term | 0.382 ** | 1.060 *** | 0.352 * |
(2.59) | (113.49) | (2.39) | |
N | 3703 | 3703 | 3703 |
r2 | 0.085 | 0.143 | 0.089 |
(1) Ecology | (2) Economy | (3) Social | |
---|---|---|---|
datacity | 1.160 *** (0.047) | 1.031 *** (0.050) | |
indu | 0.689 ** (0.270) | ||
pop | −0.221 ** (0.089) | ||
skill | −0.013 *** (0.004) | ||
inf | −0.096 ** (0.043) | 0.020 ** (0.015) | 0.017(0.016) |
hc | 0.384 *** (0.126) | 0.194 ** (0.083) | 0.045 ** (0.032) |
invest | −0.096 ** (0.037) | −0.019(0.034) | 0.016(0.026) |
fdi | −0.021(0.017) | 0.109 ** (0.051) | 0.068 ** (0.032) |
gov | 0.014 *** (0.012) | 0.032(0.372) | 0.016(0.027) |
agg | 0.167 *** (0.664) | 1.173(1.730) | 0.008 ** (0.012) |
Urban fixed effects | 3.461 *** (0.963) | 4.632 *** (0.741) | 0.384 ** (0.661) |
Year fixed effects | 2.456 *** (0.652) | 2.963 ** (0.461) | 0.731 *** (0.963) |
Constant term | 3.014 *** (0.521) | 3.496 *** (0.783) | 0.448 * (0.675) |
N | 0.110 | 0.187 | 0.739 |
r2 | 0.281 | 0.861 | 0.251 |
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Ma, J.; Liu, D.; Wang, Z. Sponge City Construction and Urban Economic Sustainable Development: An Ecological Philosophical Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031694
Ma J, Liu D, Wang Z. Sponge City Construction and Urban Economic Sustainable Development: An Ecological Philosophical Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):1694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031694
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Jing, Dan Liu, and Zhengwen Wang. 2023. "Sponge City Construction and Urban Economic Sustainable Development: An Ecological Philosophical Perspective" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 1694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031694