Overdose Detection Technologies to Reduce Solitary Overdose Deaths: A Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Fixed-Location Devices Requiring Physical Installation
3.2. Mobile Applications and Hotlines
3.3. Wearable Technology
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Overdose Detection Technology | Name | Implementation in the US | Cost for Organizations | Year of Release | Cost for Individuals | Can Alert Bystanders | Can Alert EMS | Additional Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed- Location Devices | The Brave Sensor | CA, OH | $500/year | 2018 | $0 | x | x | Requires installation |
The Brave Button | CA, OH | $100/year | 2018 | $0 | x | x | Requires installation | |
South End Clinic Anti- Motion Detector | MA | NA | 2018 | $0 | x | Requires installation and not commercially available | ||
Push-Activated Intercom Systems | Nationwide | ~$400 | Various | $0 | x | x | Requires installation | |
Smartphone Applications and Hotlines | The Never Use Alone (NUA) Hotline | ME, MA, NH, RI, VT | $0 | 2019 | $0 | x | Requires a charged phone | |
The National Overdose Response Service (NORS) | NA (Canada) | $0 | 2020 | $0 | x | Requires a charged phone and not available in the US | ||
The Canary—Prevent Overdose App | Nationwide | $0 | 2018 | $0 | x | x | Requires a charged smartphone | |
The Brave App | Nationwide | $0 | 2020 | $0 | x | x | Requires a charged smartphone | |
UnityPhilly | Philadelphia | $0 | 2019 | $0 | x | x | Requires a charged phone and not commercially available | |
Lifeguard App | NA (British Columbia) | $0 | 2021 | $0 | x | x | Requires a charged smartphone and not commercially available in the US | |
Second Chance App | Nationwide | $0 | 2019 | $0 | x | x | Requires a charged smartphone | |
iKeepr | Nationwide | $0 | 2022 | $0 | x | x | Requires a charged smartphone | |
Wearable Technology | Wearable Biosensors | Nationwide | $0 | Various | ~$1000–5000 | Requires individuals to wear the device | ||
Wearable Naloxone Auto Injectors | Nationwide | $0 | Various | ~$100–200 | Requires individuals to wear the device and not commercially available |
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Lombardi, A.R.; Arya, R.; Rosen, J.G.; Thompson, E.; Welwean, R.; Tardif, J.; Rich, J.D.; Park, J.N. Overdose Detection Technologies to Reduce Solitary Overdose Deaths: A Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021230
Lombardi AR, Arya R, Rosen JG, Thompson E, Welwean R, Tardif J, Rich JD, Park JN. Overdose Detection Technologies to Reduce Solitary Overdose Deaths: A Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021230
Chicago/Turabian StyleLombardi, Alexa Rose, Ritikraj Arya, Joseph G. Rosen, Erin Thompson, Ralph Welwean, Jessica Tardif, Josiah D. Rich, and Ju Nyeong Park. 2023. "Overdose Detection Technologies to Reduce Solitary Overdose Deaths: A Literature Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021230
APA StyleLombardi, A. R., Arya, R., Rosen, J. G., Thompson, E., Welwean, R., Tardif, J., Rich, J. D., & Park, J. N. (2023). Overdose Detection Technologies to Reduce Solitary Overdose Deaths: A Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021230