Wastewater Monitoring for Infectious Disease: Intentional Relationships between Academia, the Private Sector, and Local Health Departments for Public Health Preparedness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Development of the Monitoring Program
2.1. Site Selection and Collection
2.2. Site Categories
- (a)
- Small sewersheds with a focus on congregate facilities (LTCFs) in residential neighborhoods with at-risk populations;
- (b)
- Sewersheds that receive wastewater from university housing (dormitories);
- (c)
- Hospital center sewersheds;
- (d)
- “ZIP Code-wide” sewersheds with multiple neighborhoods and businesses.
2.2.1. Congregate Facilities with At-Risk Populations (LTCFs)
2.2.2. Congregate Facilities: University Housing (Dormitories)
2.2.3. Hospital Center Sewersheds
2.2.4. “ZIP Code” Sewersheds
2.2.5. Potential Future Collection Sites
3. Adoption and Improvement of Laboratory Analysis
4. Communication and Public Health Actions
4.1. Data Presentation and Reporting
4.2. Epidemiology and Data Response
- Focused, increased testing within sampled populations;
- Targeted vaccination campaigns or enhancement of capacity for existing programs;
- Encouragement of protective actions and cultural practices (social distancing, masking, hand-washing, etc.);
- Communication of potential higher risk to affected populations;
- Related resource planning in anticipation of a potential new outbreak;
- Investigations of clinical infection data at or near sites from which high marker levels have been reported.
4.3. Public Communication, Education, and Outreach
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ram, J.L.; Shuster, W.; Gable, L.; Turner, C.L.; Hartrick, J.; Vasquez, A.A.; West, N.W.; Bahmani, A.; David, R.E. Wastewater Monitoring for Infectious Disease: Intentional Relationships between Academia, the Private Sector, and Local Health Departments for Public Health Preparedness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20176651
Ram JL, Shuster W, Gable L, Turner CL, Hartrick J, Vasquez AA, West NW, Bahmani A, David RE. Wastewater Monitoring for Infectious Disease: Intentional Relationships between Academia, the Private Sector, and Local Health Departments for Public Health Preparedness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(17):6651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20176651
Chicago/Turabian StyleRam, Jeffrey L., William Shuster, Lance Gable, Carrie L. Turner, James Hartrick, Adrian A. Vasquez, Nicholas W. West, Azadeh Bahmani, and Randy E. David. 2023. "Wastewater Monitoring for Infectious Disease: Intentional Relationships between Academia, the Private Sector, and Local Health Departments for Public Health Preparedness" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 17: 6651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20176651