Contact with Nature in Social Deprivation during COVID-19: The Positive Impact on Anxiety
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Personal Disposition towards Nature and Contact with Nature for Human Well-Being
1.2. Exploring the Evolution of the Connection to Nature Conceptualizations: An Overview
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Procedure
2.2. Measures
- A connectedness to nature scale [19] consisting of 15 items (e.g., “I think of nature as something I belong to”) was utilized to capture the individuals’ subjective sense of belonging to nature. The Italian translation used by Scopelliti et al. [47] was employed. This scale underwent a meticulous selection process, resulting in the removal of three items to enhance its psychometric properties. The scale demonstrated a high level of internal consistency, as indicated by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.89.
- Contact with nature was used to evaluate the individuals’ engagement with the natural environment, a specifically designed ad hoc measure comprising five items was administered. This measure aimed to gauge the frequency of the individuals’ involvement in nature-related activities, reflecting their contact with natural settings (e.g., “I have spent time in nature”). The internal consistency analysis indicated a very good level of reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.88.
- The Perceived Restorativeness Scale [63,71], consisting of eight items, explored the participants’ subjective evaluation of the extent to which nature provides restoration (e.g., “There is a lot to explore and discover”). The scale demonstrated an very good internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.87.
- The Anxiety STAI–State Short [72] scale comprised six items, capturing the intensity of anxiety symptoms experienced by individuals (e.g., “I felt worried”). The measure exhibited a good internal consistency, as evidenced by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.84.
- Medicine intake, a single-item ad hoc measure, was employed to evaluate the participants’ medicine intake for psychological well-being in comparison to the period preceding the COVID-19 emergency (i.e., “I have taken more medicines for my psychological well-being than before the COVID-19 emergency”). This item served as a concise indicator of the changes in medication usage specifically related to psychological concerns.
2.3. Statystical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Descriptive Statistics
3.3. Path Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Variable | Category | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 175 | 27.8% |
Female | 455 | 72.2% | |
Age | 18–20 | 52 | 8.2% |
21–30 | 320 | 50.3% | |
31–40 | 78 | 12.3% | |
41–50 | 44 | 6.9% | |
51–60 | 82 | 12.9% | |
Over 60 | 60 | 9.4% | |
Education Level | Junior High school | 35 | 5.5% |
High School | 317 | 49.8% | |
Bachelor | 111 | 17.4% | |
Master | 140 | 22.0% | |
Ph.D. | 34 | 5.3% | |
Occupation | Students | 214 | 33.6% |
Employees | 129 | 20.3% | |
Other Profession | 294 | 46.1% |
Variable | N | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Medicine Intake | 637 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 1 | |||||
2. Anxiety | 637 | 2.33 | 1.27 | −0.265 *** | 1 | ||||
3. Perceived Restorativeness | 637 | 4.31 | 1.12 | −0.021 | 0.032 | 1 | |||
4. Contact with Nature | 637 | 3.07 | 1.63 | 0.015 | 0.140 *** | 0.336 *** | 1 | ||
5. Connectedness to Nature | 637 | 3.90 | 0.80 | 0.054 | −0.040 | 0.502 *** | 0.155 *** | 1 | |
6. Age | 637 | 34.55 | 15.34 | 0.084 * | −0.105 ** | 0.039 | −0.138 ** | 0.072 | 1 |
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Fornara, F.; Rinallo, E.; Scopelliti, M. Contact with Nature in Social Deprivation during COVID-19: The Positive Impact on Anxiety. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20146361
Fornara F, Rinallo E, Scopelliti M. Contact with Nature in Social Deprivation during COVID-19: The Positive Impact on Anxiety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(14):6361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20146361
Chicago/Turabian StyleFornara, Ferdinando, Elena Rinallo, and Massimiliano Scopelliti. 2023. "Contact with Nature in Social Deprivation during COVID-19: The Positive Impact on Anxiety" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 14: 6361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20146361