Dealing with Alcohol-Related Posts on Social Media: Using a Mixed-Method Approach to Understand Young Peoples’ Problem Awareness and Evaluations of Intervention Ideas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Effects of Alcohol Posts on Drinking Behavior
1.2. The Importance of Problem Awareness
1.3. Intervention Ideas to Decrease (the Effects of) Alcohol Posts
1.3.1. Idea 1: Alcohol-Post Problem
1.3.2. Idea 2: (Too) Many Alcohol Posts
1.3.3. Idea 3: Warning Alcohol Posts
1.3.4. Idea 4: Regret Alcohol Posts
1.3.5. Idea 5: Perceived Identity of Alcohol Posts
1.3.6. Idea 6: Correcting Misperceived Norms
1.3.7. Idea 7: Alcohol Posts Are Unrealistic
1.3.8. Idea 8: Popular Young People
1.4. Individual Differences in Problem Awareness and Intervention Evaluations
2. Methods
2.1. Method Study 1 (Qualitative Study)
2.1.1. Participants
2.1.2. Procedure
2.1.3. Analysis
2.2. Method Study 2 (Quantitative Study)
2.2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2.2. Measures
3. Results
3.1. Results Study 1 (Qualitative Study)
3.1.1. Alcohol Post Prevalence, Perceived Appropriateness, and Problem Awareness
Focus Group 5, university students
- Ciara (Female, 25 years old):
- “Um, yeah. What do I think, I thought 1, that’s, I think it’s nice, just to see it. 2 also, specifically when someone has something to celebrate, for example, I think: ah, yes, nice! That’s just, it remains with one drink, so yes. But if you show a whole table, I don’t know, with all kinds of beer or alcohol, then I think, okay, what are you doing? And especially with a picture or a video of someone who is so wasted that he can’t even stand normally on his legs anymore. Then I really think, Yes, that is just super stupid.”
Focus Group 4, university students
- Atiyah (Female, 26 years old):
- “Yes. I think it’s tricky because young people probably don’t even know that they’re influenced by these posts. Like, I wasn’t even aware until you told me right now. Like, I wasn’t aware of that. Only when I started thinking about it, I was like: Oh yeah, wait, it could have an impact.”
Focus Group 1, high-school students
- Andrea (Female, 18 years old):
- “The other day, I saw a photo of a birthday party where they had a lot of bottles of alcohol. And then you’re more inclined to think: ‘Oh, I’m also having a party soon, so I must have as much as they are having,’ because it’s a bit normal to have so much.”
3.1.2. Intervention Ideas Proposed by Participants
Focus Group 5, university students
- Ciara (Female, 25 years old):
- “I think you should just really start to actually reduce alcohol consumption in general, or maybe you should develop an app or something, so that you can, for example, start fading alcoholic drinks.”
Focus Group 1, high-school students
- Andrea (Female, 18 years old):
- “Hey, but I wouldn’t take a picture of an ugly bottle either. You put that one in the back anyway.”
Focus Group 4, university students
- Atiyah (Female, 26 years old):
- “Look, you have to give a convincing reason not to post something. I mean, you can say, ‘Yeah, it’s not cool!’ or whatever, but young people are always going to think booze is cool. Even more if you ban it. [Silence.]”
3.1.3. Perceptions of Theoretically Proposed Intervention Ideas
Idea 1: Alcohol-Post Problem
Focus Group 1, high-school students
- Erin (Female, 17 years old):
- “I’m always sensitive to those percentages, though.”
Focus Group 3, high-school students
- Jerry (Male, 17 years old):
- “I personally think that a 15 percent increased chance is not captivating for most people.”
Focus Group 6, university students
- Hugh (Male, 20 years old):
- “15 percent might not say that much to people.”
Focus Group 3, high-school students
- Tanya (Female, 16 years old):
- “Then yes, you should put a picture, but you shouldn’t put the sentence like ‘15 percent of young people have started drinking more,’ that would, ….just no. That doesn’t do anything for me.”
Idea 2: (Too) Many Alcohol Posts
Focus Group 3, high-school students
- Humberto (Male, 16 years old):
- “I don’t think it really does anything to anybody.”
- Jerry (Male, 17 years old):
- “No, because when you see all those pictures, you don’t realize what the consequences were of those pictures.”
Idea 3: Warning Alcohol Posts
Focus Group 1, high-school students
- Chantal (Female, 17 years old):
- “I do think it’s a good idea. I also think that if, for example, every time you get a message saying, ‘You’re posting something with alcohol on it,’ then at a certain point, you realize, ‘OK, so there’s something wrong with it, and you’re already spreading information with it.’”
- Andrea (Female, 18 years old):
- “So you inform the sender and the receiver of the post. That you slow it down a bit on both sides.”
Focus Group 6, university students
- Hugh (Male, 20 years old):
- “I thought this machine learning, I thought that was pretty smart. I think, if you want to post something, and it says, ‘Yo. There’s also alcohol in here and stuff’ that you’d think about it for a second, one second longer.”
Idea 4: Regret Alcohol Posts
Focus Group 1, high-school students
- Chantal (Female, 17 years old):
- “I think it’s a good idea, but I personally always have, the day after I’ve been drinking and I have a hungover, I always regret it. But it’s always a short moment; the next day it’s always over.”
- Andrea (Female, 18 years old):
- “I always like it when I see those photos again. When I wake up in the morning and think, okay, that was a good party.”
- Interviewer:
- “Then you don’t think, ‘Naaah, regret?’”
- Andrea (Female, 18 years old):
- “Well, when everyone has seen that picture, then I always think ‘Okay.... this is great (sarcastic).’”
- Chantal (Female, 17 years old):
- “I don’t know. But the regret passes so quickly, too.”
- Erin (Female, 17 years old):
- “Yeah, I have that too.”
- Barry (Male, 19 years old):
- “Yes, regret quickly turns into laughter. You start laughing about it, and then you take a picture like that again.”
Idea 5: Perceived Identity of Alcohol Posts
Focus Group 5, university students
- Ciara (Female, 25-years-old):
- “I also think that when you go out until very late every weekend and so on, your parents might already have an idea like, ‘Well, there’s no way she’s going to drink coke all night.’ Those people are already a little closer to you, so maybe you are less interested in what they think. Or then you don’t worry about it that much, unlike, for example, an employer of yours, or I don’t know, the in-laws or something. I have no idea, but yeah, people who are a little bit farther away from you.”
Idea 6: Correcting Misperceived Norms
Focus Group 6, university students
- Jan (Male, 22 years old):
- “Because I think a lot of young people have the opinion that if they go out and drink 0 to 4 drinks, that’s not an excessive amount at all.”
Focus Group 1, high-school students
- Andrea (Female, 18 years old):
- “I think specifically this example doesn’t work because it says here that the majority of young people drink 0 to 4 drinks. And so it indicates that the majority of young people drink. Well, only 4, but they do drink.”
Focus Group 4, university students
- Atiyah (Female, 26 years old):
- “You know, you can be a responsible drinker and still post alcoholposts. You don’t have to get wasted, because in your examples you had very decent ones (alcoholposts) too.”
Idea 7: Alcohol Posts Are Unrealistic
Focus Group 3, high-school students
- Tanya (Female, 16 years old):
- “Well, it’s very confronting.”
- Lorenzo (Male, 16 years old):
- “Yes, confronting.”
- Tanya (Female, 16 years old):
- “I think so. You first see a girl who has put on makeup, all pretty, she goes for a drink and the next thing she is throwing up.”
- Interviewer:
- “This works for you?”
- Tanya (Female, 16 years old):
- “Yes, yes, because I don’t think about it that often. When I see a picture, I think, ‘Oh! Fun moment!’ But then maybe half an hour later, she’s lying there arguing because they all had too much … Well, I don’t think about that.”
Idea 8: Popular Young People
Focus Group 1, high-school students
- Barry (Male, 19 years old):
- “This is already happening, right? That influencers are used? It’s good, though, because little kids look up to these kinds of influencers.”
- Erin (Female, 17 years old):
- “Yes, but I don’t know if it helps?”
- Barry (Male, 19 years old):
- “When you see Lil Kleine posting this.... Yeah, Lil Kleine is not credible, either.”
- Gabrielle (Female, 17 years old):
- “I would not go for Lil Kleine because he is someone who often drinks himself anyway.”
3.2. Results Study 2 (Quantitative Study)
3.2.1. Problem Awareness Alcohol Posts
3.2.2. Ranking and Perceived Effectiveness
3.2.3. How Problem Awareness and Ranking Depend on Characteristics
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Research Suggestions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Group ID | Name | Sex | Age 1 | Educational Level |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adolescents in high school (n = 16) | ||||
1 | Andrea | Female | 18 | Vwo (final year) |
1 | Chantal | Female | 17 | Vwo (final year) |
1 | Erin | Female | 17 | Vwo (final year) |
1 | Barry | Male | 19 | Vwo (final year) |
1 | Gabrielle | Female | 17 | Vwo (final year) |
1 | Imelda | Female | 18 | Vwo (final year) |
2 | Karen | Female | 16 | Havo (penultimate year) |
2 | Melissa | Female | 16 | Havo (penultimate year) |
2 | Olga | Female | 16 | Havo (penultimate year) |
2 | Dorian | Male | 16 | Havo (penultimate year) |
3 | Rebekah | Female | 16 | Havo (final year) |
3 | Fernand | Male | 17 | Havo (final year) |
3 | Humberto | Male | 16 | Havo (final year) |
3 | Jerry | Male | 17 | Havo (final year) |
3 | Lorenzo | Male | 16 | Havo (final year) |
3 | Tanya | Female | 16 | Havo (final year) |
Young adults at university (n = 11) | ||||
4 | Brendan | Male | 28 | University (master) |
4 | Atiyah | Female | 26 | University (master) |
5 | Ciara | Female | 25 | University (master) |
5 | Dennis | Male | 22 | University (pre-master) |
5 | Francis | Male | 21 | University (bachelor) |
6 | Hugh | Male | 20 | University (bachelor) |
6 | Ellen | Female | 20 | University (bachelor) |
6 | Jan | Male | 22 | University (master) |
7 | Gerda | Female | 22 | University (bachelor) |
7 | Liam | Male | 24 | University (master) |
7 | Iris | Female | 19 | University (bachelor) |
Focus Group ID | n | Date | Duration (Minutes) | Remarks/Irregularities |
---|---|---|---|---|
High-School Students | ||||
FG 1 | 6 | 29 November 2019 | 26:08 min | All from the same class; two are good friends |
FG 2 | 6 | 29 November 2019 | 25:52 min | All from the same class. Two participants were below the age range and were removed from the analysis procedure. Interviewer had to put in a lot of effort to keep the group in check and get answers. |
FG 3 | 6 | 29 November 2019 | 42:14 min | Participants from different classes. Seemed to be good friends. |
University students | ||||
FG 4 | 2 | 06 December 2019 | 22:38 min | Three students canceled last minute. Participants knew interviewer. |
FG 5 | 3 | 07 December 2019 | 41:15 min | Participants knew each other from shared hobby. |
FG 6 | 3 | 16 December 2019 | 28:27 min | Short session because participants had obligatory classes and because participants arrived late. |
FG 7 | 3 | 16 December 2019 | 31:23 min | Short session (similar reasons as FG 5). |
Appendix B. Focus-Group Interview Guide (Translated to English)
- Do you ever post such messages on social media? (If “yes,” continue to ask, how often do you place alcohol posts on average?)
- Do you ever see alcohol posts posted by your friends on social media? (If “yes,” how often? What do you see then/what kinds of posts?)
- Do you follow influencers who post such alcohol posts? (If “yes,” how often? What kinds of posts?)
- What do you think of seeing alcohol posts?
- To what extent do you think alcohol posts are a problem? And why? [Keep discussion short.]
- There has been research conducted into the effects of alcohol posts, what do you think researchers have found?
- Supposing you sometimes post alcohol posts, how could we ensure that you post fewer alcohol posts?
- Supposing you sometimes see alcohol posts, how could we ensure that you are less influenced by alcohol posts?
- Could you rank these ideas from best (or most convincing) to the worst idea?
- What do you like about this idea? What do you dislike about this idea?
- What could we add to these ideas to enhance these campaigns according to you?
- After a joint discussion about each idea, ask participants to create a top three with the group.
- Do you have more tips for us (that are not mentioned yet)?
- Imagine that you think the following: “if you do not want me to post this anymore, then you really must do this or that,” or “if you want me to be less influenced about alcohol posts, then you need to address this or that.”
Appendix C. Examples and Descriptions of Alcohol-Related Posts (Translated to English)
Example 1 1 | Example 2 2 | Example 3 3 | Example 4 4 |
---|---|---|---|
This is a post in which alcohol is more or less accidentally showcased because you or others are holding or drinking alcoholic beverages (e.g., photos of a dinner party or party). | This is a post where alcohol is shown a bit more prominently (zooming in on 1 drink). | This is a post where someone is very tipsy or drunk. | This is a post referring to a drinking game. |
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Idea | Example Intervention Idea 1 | Description |
---|---|---|
Idea 1: Alcohol-post problem | Create awareness among young people that alcohol posts can be problematic, for example, by providing facts/figures (“research shows that seeing one alcoholpost increases the odds of drinking alcohol by 15%”). | |
Idea 2: (Too) many alcohol posts | Allow young people to come to an understanding that they post (too) many alcohol posts, for instance, by letting them scroll through their timelines and count the number of alcohol posts. | |
Idea 3: Warning alcohol posts | Provide an automatic warning when young people intend to upload an alcohol post (e.g., using machine learning to recognize alcohol in images automatically). For example, before uploading an alcohol post, they will get a message: “You are about to upload a post that includes alcohol. Are you sure that you want to upload this?” | |
Idea 4: Regret alcohol posts | Emphasize that young people could regret sharing alcohol posts the day after uploading the posts. | |
Idea 5: Perceived identity of alcoholposts | Point out to young people that alcohol posts are not well perceived (e.g., by parents and future employers). For example, show a resume including an alcohol post as a profile picture with the statement, “Is this how your future employer should perceive you?” | |
Idea 6: Correcting misperceived norms | Young people unfairly hold the idea that many young people drink too much, which could be reinforced by alcohol posts. This idea could be corrected by messages on social media, such as “Most young people consume 0 to 4 drinks when they go out.” | |
Idea 7: Alcohol posts are unrealistic | Show young people that alcohol posts are not an accurate representation of reality. These posts are often too positive and do not show the negative aspects of alcohol. For example, show a juxtaposition in which the first photo depicts “what you think happened” (laughing individuals with beers) and the second photo depicts “what actually happened after” (drunk individuals/vomiting). | |
Idea 8: Popular young people | 2 | Allow popular young people (e.g., good friends or influencers) to share social media messages that are negative about alcohol or emphasize not posting alcohol posts. |
Ranking of Ideas | |||
---|---|---|---|
M | SD | Mdn | |
Idea 3 (warning alcohol posts) | 3.41 a | 2.18 | 3 |
Idea 1 (alcohol-post problem) | 3.84 b | 2.16 | 4 |
Idea 5 (perceived identity of alcohol posts) | 4.07 b | 2.14 | 4 |
Idea 7 (alcohol post unrealistic) | 4.39 b | 2.31 | 5 |
Idea 8 (popular young people) | 4.65 b | 2.34 | 5 |
Idea 6 (correcting misperceptions) | 5.02 c | 2.14 | 5 |
Idea 2 (too many alcohol posts) | 5.12 c | 2.18 | 5 |
Idea 4 (regret alcohol posts) | 5.49 d | 2.13 | 6 |
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Hendriks, H.; Thanh Le, T.; Gebhardt, W.A.; van den Putte, B.; Vanherle, R. Dealing with Alcohol-Related Posts on Social Media: Using a Mixed-Method Approach to Understand Young Peoples’ Problem Awareness and Evaluations of Intervention Ideas. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105820
Hendriks H, Thanh Le T, Gebhardt WA, van den Putte B, Vanherle R. Dealing with Alcohol-Related Posts on Social Media: Using a Mixed-Method Approach to Understand Young Peoples’ Problem Awareness and Evaluations of Intervention Ideas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(10):5820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105820
Chicago/Turabian StyleHendriks, Hanneke, Tu Thanh Le, Winifred A. Gebhardt, Bas van den Putte, and Robyn Vanherle. 2023. "Dealing with Alcohol-Related Posts on Social Media: Using a Mixed-Method Approach to Understand Young Peoples’ Problem Awareness and Evaluations of Intervention Ideas" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 10: 5820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105820
APA StyleHendriks, H., Thanh Le, T., Gebhardt, W. A., van den Putte, B., & Vanherle, R. (2023). Dealing with Alcohol-Related Posts on Social Media: Using a Mixed-Method Approach to Understand Young Peoples’ Problem Awareness and Evaluations of Intervention Ideas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(10), 5820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105820