Design and Development of Low Cost, Simple, Rapid and Safe, Modified Field Kits for the Visual Detection and Determination of Arsenic in Drinking Water Samples
Abstract
:Introduction
Field Measurement of Arsenic in Water
- ▪ Emergencies, when analytical results are required in a hurry. Inadequately developed country infrastructure; where the number of laboratories with competent personnel and equipment is small; where the sampling sites are too far away and where poor logistics do not guarantee that the sample results can be made available in a timely fashion to responsible persons who have to take or recommend a course of action.
Materials and Materials
Reagents
- 1)
- Stock Arsenic Solution: The Stock solution was prepared by dissolving 1.320 gm of Arsenic Trioxide in 10 ml double distilled Water containing 4 gm NaOH and diluted to 1000 ml with Distilled water.(1ml = 1mg As)
- 2)
- Arsenic Standard Solution: An intermediate standard solution was prepared by 100-fold dilution of stock solution with distilled water. Working standard solution was prepared by diluting the intermediate solution.
- 3)
- Sulfamic Acid: 2gm of sulfamic acid is weighed and added for reaction.
- 4)
- Zinc Powder: 1 gm of zinc powder is to be added for each reaction.
- 5)
- Mercuric Bromide strips: Cold-pressed what man drawing-paper gives better results than filter paper. It should be cut into strips of 4mm. in width, which are sensitized by being drawn repeatedly through a 5 per cent solution of recrystallised mercuric bromide, then dried on a horizontal rack of glass rods, cut into lengths of 7 cm., and kept in the dark in a bottle containing anhydrous calcium chloride, covered with a layer of cotton-wool until required for use.
- 6)
- Cupric Chloride: 0.2682gm of cupric chloride was dissolved in 100 ml of de-ionized water to get 1000ppm of cupric solution.
- 7)
- Ferric Chloride: 0.2904gm of ferric chloride was dissolved in 100ml of de-ionized water to get 1000ppm of ferric solution.
- 8)
- Sulphide Standards: Standards are prepared by dissolving 0.2433gm of sodium sulphide in 100ml of de-ionized water to get 1000ppm of sulphide solution. The solutions containing 1000ppm are further diluted as per requirement. Tests were carried out to determine the levels at which sulphide interfered. Sodium sulphide standards were prepared and the concentrations were verified using methylene blue method. To 0.3ml of 1000pm sodium sulphide, 5ml of 0.05ppm arsenic solution, 5ml of cupric chloride, 10ml of ferric chloride were added and the total volume was made up to 100ml with de-ionized water. (Color of the solution was light brown).
Procedure
Results and discussions
Methods Based on the Mercuric-Bromide Stain
Evolution of Arsine
Sulphide Interference
Other Interferences
Cost Evaluation for the Strip Test
Conclusions
- 1)
- JNTU-ECIL Arsenic field kits will be useful for investigating large number of samples as they are simple, reliable and cost effective and are suitable for mass screening.
- 2)
- These field–test kits can also in principle be used to determine the arsenic speciation, specifically the concentration of As (III) and As (V) species, albeit only at a semi –quantitative level. This depends on different kinetics of hydride formation between As (III) and As (V) species. As (III) forms the hydride more rapidly than As (V). Therefore, the As (V) species are often reduced to As (III) species in a separate pre-reduction step. This is usually carried out by adding a few drops of concentrated potassium iodide and stannous chloride solution.
Concentration of Arsenic | JNTU-ECIL Method | HACH Method |
---|---|---|
0.05ppm | Yellow | Yellow |
0.1ppm | Dark yellow | Dark yellow |
0.3ppm | Light orangish yellow | Light orangish yellow |
0.5ppm | Orange yellow | Orange yellow |
1.0ppm | Brown | Brown |
A |
Sample | JNTU-ECIL Strip test method | ICPAES Method |
---|---|---|
Sample 1 | 0.05ppm | 0.045ppm |
Sample 2 | 0.1ppm | 0.1ppm |
Sample 3 | 0.5ppm | 0.51ppm |
Sample 4 | 0.7ppm | 0.68ppm |
B |
Ion or Substance | Concentration |
---|---|
Sulphide (S2−) | 5 mg/L |
Selenium (Se) | 1 mg/L |
Antimony (Sb) | 0.25 mg/L |
Tellurium (Te) | 0.25 mg/L |
The following were found to interfere at concentration greater than those listed. | |
C |
Ion or Substance | Level Tested |
---|---|
Hardness | 1000 mg/L CaCO3 |
Alkalinity | 1000 mg/L CaCO3 |
Iron (Fe) | 50 mg/L |
Temperature | 10 to 40 degrees C |
Copper | 100ppm |
The following did not interfere at the levels tested. | |
D |
Metals 10 ppm | (CH3COO)2Pb Strip (lead acetate strip) | HgBr2Strip (Distilled Water) JNTU-ECIL Method | HgBr2Strip (Arsenic 0.05 ppm) JNTU-ECIL Method | Matching with the standard arsenic solution-HgBr2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Co(NO3)2 | Black | Light Yellow | Orange | Increase |
CoCl2 | No Change | No change | Orange | Increase |
(NH4)6Mo7O24 | Black | Light Yellow | Orange | Increase |
(NH4)2SO4NiSO4 | No Change | No Change | Orange | Increase |
CdSO4 | No Change | No Change | Yellow | Matched |
Ce(SO4)2 | No Change | No Change | Dark Yellow | Slight Increase |
Pb(NO3)2 | No Change | No Change | Light Yellow | Slight Decrease |
(CH3COO)2Pb | No Change | No Change | Light Yellow | Slight Decrease |
Cu(NO3)2 | No Change | No Change | Yellow | Matched |
NiSO4 | No Change | No Change | Orange | Increased |
MnCl2 | No Change | No Change | Dark Yellow | Slight Increase |
FeCl3 | No Change | No Change | Orange | Increased |
CuCl2 | No Change | No Change | Yellow | Matched |
S.No | Item | Quantity | Indian Rupees |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Rubber caps | 2 pieces | 60 |
2 | Plastic bottles | 2 pieces | 60 |
3 | Arsenic Test papers (HgBr2 paper) | 100 pieces | 220 |
4 | Sulfamic acid | 250G | 38 |
5 | Zinc powder | 100G | 46 |
6 | Copper chloride | 100G | 54 |
7 | Ferric chloride (anhydrous) | 100G | 22 |
Cost of 100 tests | 500(US$10) |
Acknowledgements
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Cherukuri, J.; Anjaneyulu, Y. Design and Development of Low Cost, Simple, Rapid and Safe, Modified Field Kits for the Visual Detection and Determination of Arsenic in Drinking Water Samples. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2005, 2, 322-327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2005020018
Cherukuri J, Anjaneyulu Y. Design and Development of Low Cost, Simple, Rapid and Safe, Modified Field Kits for the Visual Detection and Determination of Arsenic in Drinking Water Samples. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2005; 2(2):322-327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2005020018
Chicago/Turabian StyleCherukuri, Jyotsna, and Y. Anjaneyulu. 2005. "Design and Development of Low Cost, Simple, Rapid and Safe, Modified Field Kits for the Visual Detection and Determination of Arsenic in Drinking Water Samples" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2, no. 2: 322-327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2005020018
APA StyleCherukuri, J., & Anjaneyulu, Y. (2005). Design and Development of Low Cost, Simple, Rapid and Safe, Modified Field Kits for the Visual Detection and Determination of Arsenic in Drinking Water Samples. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2(2), 322-327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2005020018