Citizenship Matters: Non-Citizen COVID-19 Mortality Disparities in New York and Los Angeles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. COVID-19-Related Risk among U.S. Non-Citizens
1.2. Systemic Racism and Social Determinants of COVID-19-Related Health Disparities
1.3. Study Aims
2. Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NYC | LAC | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | |
COVID-19 mortality per 100 K | 233.95 | 216.26, 251.63 | 124.49 | 106.61, 142.36 |
Percent Black & Latinx | 45.82 | 41.29, 50.36 | 52.81 | 47.73, 57.90 |
Population density per square mile | 45,174.65 | 40,462.63, 49,886.68 | 13,391.15 | 11,822.11, 14,960.20 |
Percent female | 52.16 | 51.78, 52.54 | 50.95 | 50.54, 51.35 |
Percent over 55 years of age | 24.27 | 23.37, 25.17 | 24.94 | 23.82, 26.06 |
Average household size | 2.64 | 2.56, 2.71 | 2.82 | 2.72, 2.92 |
Median household income | 73,674.02 | 68,254.57, 79,034.47 | 71,896.58 | 65,996.95, 77,796.22 |
Percent naturalized residents | 19.95 | 18.70, 21.21 | 17.37 | 16.39, 18.34 |
Percent non-citizen residents | 15.35 | 14.30, 16.41 | 17.55 | 15.97, 19.14 |
NYC | LAC | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | β | B | (95% CI) | R2 | β | B | (95% CI) | |
Block 1 | 0.208 *** | 0.092 *** | ||||||
Percent Black & Latinx | 0.390 *** | 1.522 | (0.851, 2.193) | −0.068 | −0.240 | (−1.513, 1.033) | ||
Block 2 | 0.460 *** | 0.213 *** | ||||||
Population density | −0.153 * | −0.001 | (−0.001, −0.000) | 0.089 | 0.001 | (−0.002, 0.004) | ||
Percent female | 0.078 | 3.609 | (−2.566, 9.784) | 0.064 | 2.810 | (−4.279, 9.899) | ||
Percent over 55 years of age | 0.352 *** | 6.901 | (3.892, 9.910) | 0.388 ** | 6.198 | (2.041, 10.355) | ||
Household size | −0.019 | −4.488 | (−43.421, 34.445) | 0.155 | 27.580 | (−17.255, 72.415) | ||
Median household income | −0.196 * | −0.001 | (−0.001, −0.000) | −0.294 | −0.001 | (−0.002, 0.000) | ||
Percent naturalized citizens | 0.096 | 1.354 | (−0.907, 3.615) | 0.032 | 0.592 | (−3.163, 4.347) | ||
Block 3 | 0.472 * | 0.237 * | ||||||
Percent non-citizens | 0.164 * | 2.745 | (0.309, 5.181) | 0.409 * | 4.609 | (0.498, 8.720) |
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Douglas, J.A.; Bostean, G.; Miles Nash, A.; John, E.B.; Brown, L.M.; Subica, A.M. Citizenship Matters: Non-Citizen COVID-19 Mortality Disparities in New York and Los Angeles. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095066
Douglas JA, Bostean G, Miles Nash A, John EB, Brown LM, Subica AM. Citizenship Matters: Non-Citizen COVID-19 Mortality Disparities in New York and Los Angeles. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095066
Chicago/Turabian StyleDouglas, Jason A., Georgiana Bostean, Angel Miles Nash, Emmanuel B. John, Lawrence M. Brown, and Andrew M. Subica. 2022. "Citizenship Matters: Non-Citizen COVID-19 Mortality Disparities in New York and Los Angeles" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095066
APA StyleDouglas, J. A., Bostean, G., Miles Nash, A., John, E. B., Brown, L. M., & Subica, A. M. (2022). Citizenship Matters: Non-Citizen COVID-19 Mortality Disparities in New York and Los Angeles. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095066