A Comparison of Meeting Physical Activity and Screen Time Recommendations between Canadian Youth Living in Rural and Urban Communities: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Sample
2.3. Variables
2.3.1. Meeting the PA Recommendation (Dependent Variable)
2.3.2. Meeting the Screen Time Recommendation (Dependent Variable)
2.3.3. Rural or Urban Location (Independent Variable)
2.3.4. Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
References
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Variable | Urban (n = 4390) | Rural (n = 1786) |
---|---|---|
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |
Age group | ||
12–13 years | 30.9 (29.9, 32.0) | 33.0 (31.1, 34.9) |
14–15 years | 33.7 (32.7, 34.8) | 33.8 (32.2, 35.3) |
16–17 years | 35.3 (35.3, 35.4) | 33.2 (32.8, 33.5) * |
BMI category | ||
Thinness | 2.7 (2.3, 3.1) | 1.8 (0.9, 2.6) |
Normal weight | 72.8 (70.6, 75.0) | 70.3 (67.5, 73.1) |
Overweight | 17.2 (16.5, 17.9) | 18.0 (16.6, 19.4) |
Obese | 7.4 (6.3, 8.5) | 9.9 (9.4, 10.5) * |
Sex | ||
Female | 48.2 (47.5, 48.9) | 52.2 (47.7, 54.7) |
Racial background | ||
White | 63.7 (61.2, 66.2) | 94.3 (94.1, 94.4) * |
Season | ||
January–March | 26.0 (24.8, 27.1) | 23.0 (22.4, 23.6) * |
April–June | 26.4 (25.5, 27.4) | 25.6 (23.0, 28.2) |
July–September | 18.8 (17.3, 20.3) | 22.1 (17.6, 26.7) |
October–December | 28.8 (27.2, 30.5) | 29.3 (27.9, 30.7) |
Annual household income | ||
CAD 0–29,999 | 10.4 (9.8, 11.1) | 6.9 (6.0, 7.8) * |
CAD 30,000–59,999 | 18.0 (17.8, 18.3) | 16.0 (14.1, 17.9) |
CAD 60,000–99,999 | 23.5 (21.7, 25.4) | 26.1 (22.9, 29.3) |
CAD 100,000–149,999 | 21.7 (21.3, 22.1) | 26.1 (25.9, 26.3) * |
CAD 150,000+ | 26.3 (24.9, 27.7) | 24.8 (20.9, 28.8) |
Perceived general health | ||
Very good/excellent | 75.4 (75.0, 75.9) | 76.8 (76.8, 76.9) * |
Perceived mental health | ||
Very good/excellent | 75.0 (74.9, 75.1) | 77.7 (76.1, 79.4) * |
Met recommendation | ||
Physical activity | 59.1 (58.7, 59.6) | 58.7 (57.2, 60.2) |
Screen time | 32.1 (30.2, 34.0) | 41.4 (40.1, 42.8) * |
Physical activity and screen time | 22.0 (19.5, 24.5) | 26.9 (26.5, 27.3) * |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.21) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.20) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) * | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) |
Individual Variables | ||||||
Age group | ||||||
12–13 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
14–15 years | 1.38 (1.22, 1.55) * | 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | 1.40 (1.38, 1.43) * | 1.08 (0.85, 1.37) | ||
16–17 years | 1.31 (1.22, 1.42) * | 0.85 (0.55, 1.30) | 1.30 (1.13, 1.49) * | 0.81 (0.59, 1.10) | ||
BMI category | ||||||
Thinness | 0.47 (0.24, 0.91) * | 0.48 (0.34, 0.66) * | 0.47 (0.23, 0.93) * | 0.46 (0.32, 0.65) * | ||
Normal weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overweight | 0.97 (0.75, 1.27) | 0.73 (0.68, 0.79) * | 0.98 (0.79, 1.23) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.92) * | ||
Obese | 0.77 (0.64, 0.92) * | 0.67 (0.67, 0.68) * | 0.78 (0.67, 0.90) * | 0.76 (0.66, 0.87) * | ||
Perceived general health | ||||||
Poor/fair/good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Very good/excellent | 1.64 (1.30, 2.06) * | 1.07 (0.88, 1.29) | 1.76 (1.60, 1.93) * | 1.10 (0.77, 1.56) | ||
Perceived mental health | ||||||
Poor/fair/good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Very good/excellent | 1.40 (1.38, 1.42) * | 1.34 (1.23, 1.45) * | 1.30 (1.06, 1.60) * | 1.25 (1.04, 1.51) * | ||
Annual Household Income | ||||||
CAD 0–29,999 | 0.72 (0.69, 0.74) * | 0.34 (0.31, 0.36) * | ||||
CAD 30,000–59,999 | 0.86 (0.80, 0.93) * | 0.48 (0.48, 0.49) * | ||||
CAD 60,000–99,999 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.07) | 0.66 (0.56, 0.78) * | ||||
CAD 100,000–149,999 | 0.95 (0.72, 1.26) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91) * | ||||
CAD 150,000+ | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Data Collection Season | ||||||
January–March | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
April–June | 1.50 (1.39, 1.62) * | 1.19 (0.85, 1.68) | ||||
July–September | 0.94 (0.78, 1.12) | 1.21 (0.74, 1.97) | ||||
October–December | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.30) |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban | 0.64 (0.53, 0.78) * | 0.70 (0.65, 0.75) * | 0.70 (0.69, 0.70) * | 0.74 (0.59, 0.92) * | 0.71 (0.65, 0.77) * | 0.71 (0.59, 0.86) * |
Individual Variables | ||||||
Age group | ||||||
12–13 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
14–15 years | 0.48 (0.32, 0.72) * | 0.51 (0.43, 0.59) * | 0.48 (0.30, 0.78) * | 0.47 (0.44, 0.49) * | ||
16–17 years | 0.48 (0.44, 0.53) * | 0.53 (0.48, 0.59) * | 0.49 (0.44, 0.54) * | 0.51 (0.41, 0.62) * | ||
BMI category | ||||||
Thinness | 0.72 (0.38, 1.36) | 1.21 (1.08, 1.36) * | 0.74 (0.40, 1.36) | 1.08 (0.98, 1.20) | ||
Normal weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overweight | 0.94 (0.52, 1.69) | 0.77 (0.62, 0.95) * | 0.95 (0.50, 1.83) | 0.72 (0.45, 1.14) | ||
Obese | 0.65 (0.31, 1.36) | 0.49 (0.34, 0.70) * | 0.66 (0.31, 1.44) | 0.56 (0.35, 0.88) * | ||
Perceived general health | ||||||
Poor/fair/good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Very good/excellent | 1.8 (1.09, 2.96) * | 1.58 (1.25, 1.99) * | 1.82 (1.03, 3.21) * | 1.50 (1.07, 2.09) * | ||
Perceived mental health | ||||||
Poor/fair/good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Very good/excellent | 1.09 (0.74, 1.63) | 1.41 (1.36, 1.46) * | 1.04 (0.76, 1.42) | 1.37 (1.29, 1.46) * | ||
Annual Household Income | ||||||
CAD 0–29,999 | 0.57 (0.34, 0.96) * | 0.76 (0.74, 0.78) * | ||||
CAD 30,000–59,999 | 0.87 (0.60, 1.26) | 0.41 (0.40, 0.41) * | ||||
CAD 60,000–99,999 | 0.80 (0.80, 0.81) * | 0.55 (0.36, 0.83) * | ||||
CAD 100,000–149,999 | 0.72 (0.56, 0.92) * | 0.70 (0.58, 0.83) * | ||||
CAD 150,000+ | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Data Collection Season | ||||||
January–March | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
April–June | 1.33 (1.18, 1.49) * | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | ||||
July–September | 1.03 (0.61, 1.72) | 1.21 (0.78, 1.88) | ||||
October–December | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 1.41 (1.26, 1.58) * |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban | 0.71 (0.62, 0.81) * | 0.83 (0.73, 0.95) * | 0.74 (0.73, 0.76) * | 0.80 (0.56, 1.16) | 0.75 (0.71, 0.81) * | 0.82 (0.58, 1.15) |
Individual Variables | ||||||
Age group | ||||||
12–13 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
14–15 years | 0.63 (0.47, 0.86) * | 0.54 (0.48, 0.61) * | 0.64 (0.43, 0.94) * | 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) * | ||
16–17 years | 0.61 (0.56, 0.66) * | 0.57 (0.47, 0.70) * | 0.62 (0.59, 0.64) * | 0.53 (0.50, 0.55) * | ||
BMI category | ||||||
Thinness | 0.85 (0.33, 2.20) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | 0.88 (0.33, 2.34) | 0.81 (0.66, 1.00) | ||
Normal weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overweight | 0.93 (0.59, 1.45) | 0.70 (0.52, 0.94) * | 0.94 (0.58, 1.53) | 0.68 (0.41, 1.13) | ||
Obese | 0.68 (0.48, 0.96) * | 0.38 (0.37, 0.40) * | 0.68 (0.46, 1.02) | 0.45 (0.34, 0.60) * | ||
Perceived general health | ||||||
Poor/fair/good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Very good/excellent | 1.92 (1.30, 2.82) * | 1.43 (1.28, 1.60) * | 1.96 (1.21, 3.16) * | 1.39 (1.33, 1.46) * | ||
Perceived mental health | ||||||
Poor/fair/good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Very good/excellent | 1.18 (0.86, 1.62) | 1.69 (1.65, 1.74) * | 1.11 (0.91, 1.36) | 1.54 (1.26, 1.89) * | ||
Annual Household Income | ||||||
CAD 0–29,999 | 0.57 (0.45, 0.73) * | 0.55 (0.30, 1.03) | ||||
CAD 30,000–59,999 | 0.90 (0.67, 1.22) | 0.35 (0.29, 0.43) * | ||||
CAD 60,000–99,999 | 0.78 (0.76, 0.79) * | 0.54 (0.32, 0.89) * | ||||
CAD 100,000–149,999 | 0.71 (0.62, 0.80) * | 0.88 (0.87, 0.90) * | ||||
CAD 150,000+ | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Data Collection Season | ||||||
January–March | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
April–June | 1.22 (1.17, 1.26) * | 0.99 (0.76, 1.30) | ||||
July–September | 0.85 (0.45, 1.62) | 1.33 (0.61, 2.89) | ||||
October–December | 0.86 (0.79, 0.94) * | 1.27 (1.00, 1.60) * |
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Manyanga, T.; Pelletier, C.; Prince, S.A.; Lee, E.-Y.; Sluggett, L.; Lang, J.J. A Comparison of Meeting Physical Activity and Screen Time Recommendations between Canadian Youth Living in Rural and Urban Communities: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074394
Manyanga T, Pelletier C, Prince SA, Lee E-Y, Sluggett L, Lang JJ. A Comparison of Meeting Physical Activity and Screen Time Recommendations between Canadian Youth Living in Rural and Urban Communities: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074394
Chicago/Turabian StyleManyanga, Taru, Chelsea Pelletier, Stephanie A. Prince, Eun-Young Lee, Larine Sluggett, and Justin J. Lang. 2022. "A Comparison of Meeting Physical Activity and Screen Time Recommendations between Canadian Youth Living in Rural and Urban Communities: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074394