Patellar and Achilles Tendon Thickness Differences among Athletes with Different Numbers of Meals per Day: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Sample Size
2.2. Study Protocol
2.3. Ultrasound Measurements
2.4. Achilles Tendon
2.5. Patellar Tendon
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Sample Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Achilles Tendon | (AT) |
Patellar tendon | (PT) |
Ultrasound imaging | (US) |
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal | (HPA) |
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Group 1 (3 Meals/Day) N = 10 | Group 2 (4 Meals/Day) N = 11 | Group 3 (5 Meals/Day) N = 15 | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years; SD) | 40.5 (8.29) | 34.9 (9.35) | 31.6 (10.6) |
Body mass index (SD) | 24.2 (2.26) | 23.3 (2.82) | 23 (3.59) |
Number of kms/week (SD) | 58 (27.4) | 57.6 (30.3) | 53.1 (20.6) |
Number of training hours/week (SD) | 10.1 | 10.2 | 12.5 |
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | F | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PT (longitudinal) | 5.70 (4.10–7.40) | 4.91 (3.20–7.10) | 4.69 (3.40–6.00) | 3.659 | 0.047 * |
PT (transversal) | 4.34 (3.70–5.70) | 4.10 (2.90–7.00) | 3.68 (2.90–4.90) | 4.022 | 0.036 * |
AT (longitudinal) | 21.4 (17–28) | 22.2 (19.1–25.5) | 22.2 (18.7–27.6) | 0.234 | 0.793 |
AT (transversal) | 5.60 (4.20–7.20) | 5.00 (4.30–7.50) | 4.60 (3.30–6.10) | 2.986 | 0.073 |
Group 1 vs. Group 2 | p Values | Group 1 vs. Group 3 | p Values | Group 2 vs. Group 3 | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PT (longitudinal) a | 0.791 b | 0.239 | 1.007 b | 0.038 * | 0.216 b | 0.844 |
PT (transversal) a | 0.240 b | 0.832 | 0.660 b | 0.028 * | 0.420 b | 0.546 |
AT (longitudinal) b | −0.831 a | 0.780 | −0.833 a | 0.751 | −0.002 a | 1 |
AT (transversal) b | 0.317 a | 0.701 | 0.863 a | 0.062 | 0.546 a | 0.290 |
Number of Meals Per Day | |
---|---|
PT (longitudinal) † (r) | −0.384 p = 0.02 * |
PT (transversal) † (r) | −0.406 p = 0.01 * |
AT (longitudinal) †† (r) | 0.118 p = 0.494 |
AT (transversal) †† (r) | −0.386 p = 0.02 * |
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Navarro-Ledesma, S.; Gijon-Nogueron, G.; Reina-Martín, I.; Ortega-Avila, A.B.; Pruimboom, L. Patellar and Achilles Tendon Thickness Differences among Athletes with Different Numbers of Meals per Day: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042468
Navarro-Ledesma S, Gijon-Nogueron G, Reina-Martín I, Ortega-Avila AB, Pruimboom L. Patellar and Achilles Tendon Thickness Differences among Athletes with Different Numbers of Meals per Day: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042468
Chicago/Turabian StyleNavarro-Ledesma, Santiago, Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron, Inmaculada Reina-Martín, Ana Belen Ortega-Avila, and Leo Pruimboom. 2022. "Patellar and Achilles Tendon Thickness Differences among Athletes with Different Numbers of Meals per Day: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042468
APA StyleNavarro-Ledesma, S., Gijon-Nogueron, G., Reina-Martín, I., Ortega-Avila, A. B., & Pruimboom, L. (2022). Patellar and Achilles Tendon Thickness Differences among Athletes with Different Numbers of Meals per Day: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042468