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Volume 19
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Article

Risk Factors Associated with Diarrheal Episodes in an Agricultural Community in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam: A Prospective Cohort Study

by
Hanako Iwashita
1,*,
Asako Tokizawa
2,
Vu Dinh Thiem
3,
Taichiro Takemura
4,
Tuan Hai Nguyen
3,
Hang Thi Doan
5,
Anh Hong Quynh Pham
6,
Na Ly Tran
7 and
Tetsu Yamashiro
8,*
1
Department of International Affairs and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
2
Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
3
National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
4
Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
5
VITECH DEVELOPMENT Co., Ltd., Hanoi 700000, Vietnam
6
Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
7
Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
8
Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 2456; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042456
Submission received: 27 December 2021 / Revised: 13 February 2022 / Accepted: 15 February 2022 / Published: 21 February 2022
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Abstract

In Vietnam, data on the risk factors for diarrhea at the community level remain sparse. This study aimed to provide an overview of diarrheal diseases in an agricultural community in Vietnam, targeting all age groups. Specifically, we investigated the incidence of diarrheal disease at the community level and described the potential risk factors associated with diarrheal diseases. In this prospective cohort study, a total of 1508 residents were enrolled during the 54-week study period in northern Vietnam. The observed diarrheal incidence per person-year was 0.51 episodes. For children aged <5 years, the incidence per person-year was 0.81 episodes. Unexpectedly, the frequency of diarrhea was significantly higher among participants who used tap water for drinking than among participants who used rainwater. Participants who used a flush toilet had less frequent diarrhea than those who used a pit latrine. The potential risk factors for diarrhea included the source of water used in daily life, drinking water, and type of toilet. However, the direct reason for the association between potential risk factors and diarrhea was not clear. The infection routes of diarrheal pathogens in the environment remain to be investigated at this study site.
Keywords: diarrhea; risk factor; drinking water; toilet; sanitation; infrastructure; prospective study; cohort study; community; Vietnam diarrhea; risk factor; drinking water; toilet; sanitation; infrastructure; prospective study; cohort study; community; Vietnam

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MDPI and ACS Style

Iwashita, H.; Tokizawa, A.; Thiem, V.D.; Takemura, T.; Nguyen, T.H.; Doan, H.T.; Pham, A.H.Q.; Tran, N.L.; Yamashiro, T. Risk Factors Associated with Diarrheal Episodes in an Agricultural Community in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam: A Prospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042456

AMA Style

Iwashita H, Tokizawa A, Thiem VD, Takemura T, Nguyen TH, Doan HT, Pham AHQ, Tran NL, Yamashiro T. Risk Factors Associated with Diarrheal Episodes in an Agricultural Community in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam: A Prospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042456

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iwashita, Hanako, Asako Tokizawa, Vu Dinh Thiem, Taichiro Takemura, Tuan Hai Nguyen, Hang Thi Doan, Anh Hong Quynh Pham, Na Ly Tran, and Tetsu Yamashiro. 2022. "Risk Factors Associated with Diarrheal Episodes in an Agricultural Community in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam: A Prospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 2456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042456

APA Style

Iwashita, H., Tokizawa, A., Thiem, V. D., Takemura, T., Nguyen, T. H., Doan, H. T., Pham, A. H. Q., Tran, N. L., & Yamashiro, T. (2022). Risk Factors Associated with Diarrheal Episodes in an Agricultural Community in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam: A Prospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042456

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