Procedure for Determining Dimensional Allowances for PPE Using 3D Scanning Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- identification of the main anthropometric landmarks needed for the determination of the external dimensions of the human body;
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- development of an optimum method for automated sizing, involving geometric solids for the description of the human silhouette, i.e., solids with the lowest volume that can circumscribe the human body wearing underwear and PPE, in order to establish the difference in their dimensions, referred to as a dimensional allowance;
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- the systematization of terminology and making a distinction between dimensional allowances that affect PPE fit and those that affect human-workspace interactions.
2. Materials and Methods
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- Subject preparation for scanning: model repair and cleaning–artifact removal (Edit/Segment); model positioning with respect to the software coordinate system (Edit/(Translate/Rotate)); generating a point cloud after processing (Navigation bar/Sample points on a mesh);
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- Preliminary sizing to identify landmarks for collecting information about maximum dimensions (Tools/Segmentation/Cross-section);
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- Generating a geometric solid–cylinder/cuboid (File/Primitive Factory);
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- Superimposing the solid on 3D models of subjects wearing underwear and PPE (Edit/Translate/Rotate);
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- A comparison of the dimensions of the solids and calculating differences in size between subjects wearing underwear and PPE, known as dimensional allowances.
3. Results
- the radius and height of the cylinder circumscribing the silhouette of the subject in underwear (ru, hu);
- the radius and height of the cylinder circumscribing the silhouette of the subject wearing PPE (rPPE, hPPE);
- the length of the edges of the cuboid circumscribing the silhouette of the subject in underwear (xu, yu, zu);
- the length of the edges of the cuboid circumscribing the silhouette of the subject wearing PPE (xPPE, yPPE, zPPE).
- volumes of the cylinders circumscribing the silhouette of the subject wearing underwear and PPE (VC_u,VC_PPE);
- volumes of the cuboids circumscribing the silhouette of the subject wearing underwear and PPE (VQ_u,VQ_PPE);
- base areas of the cylinders circumscribing the silhouette of the subject wearing underwear and PPE (AC_u, AC_PPE);
- base areas of the cuboids circumscribing the silhouette of the subject wearing underwear and PPE (AQ_u, AQ_PPE);
- differences and relative differences between all dimensions obtained for the silhouettes of the subject wearing underwear and PPE.
4. Discussion
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- an increase in cylinder radius (r) by 0.0513 m, reflecting an increase in the maximum distance between the shoulders by 2r = 0.1026 m, is the width allowance for PPE;
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- an increase in cylinder height (h) by 0.0802 m, which is the height allowance for protective footwear and head protection devices.
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- an increase in cuboid height (y) by 0.774 m, which is the height allowance added to the height of persons wearing PPE;
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- an increase in cuboid width (z) by 0.1046 m, which is the width allowance;
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- an increase in cuboid depth (x) by 0.1042 m.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PPE Element | PPE Characteristics |
---|---|
Protective clothing (jacket and overalls) |
|
Welding helmet with automatic welding filter |
|
Protective gloves | |
Safety footwear S3 class |
|
Protective apron and sleeves |
|
Subject in Underwear | Subject Wearing PPE | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ru | hu | rPPE | hPPE | |
Cylinder radius and height (m) | 0.2991 ± 0.0008 | 1.7142 ± 0.0048 | 0.3504 ± 0.0022 | 1.7944 ± 0.0044 |
rPPE–ru | hPPE–hu | |||
Differences between the subject in underwear and PPE (m) | 0.0513 ± 0.0026 | 0.0802 ± 0.0034 | ||
Δr | Δh | |||
Relative differences between the subject in underwear and PPE (%) | 14.64 ± 0.66 | 4.47 ± 0.18 |
Subject in Underwear | Subject Wearing PPE | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xu | yu | zu | xPPE | yPPE | zPPE | |
Length of cuboid edges (m) | 0.3588 ± 0.0099 | 1.7163 ± 0.0012 | 0.5977 ± 0.0013 | 0.4707 ± 0.0280 | 1.7936 ± 0.0017 | 0.7019 ± 0.0030 |
xPPE–xu | yPPE–yu | zPPE–zu | ||||
Differences between the subject in underwear and PPE (m) | 0.1125 ± 0.0184 | 0.0774 ± 0.0016 | 0.1042 ± 0.0025 | |||
Δx | Δy | Δz | ||||
Relative differences between the subject in underwear and PPE (%) | 23.78 ± 2.58 | 4.31 ± 0.09 | 14.85 ± 0.31 |
Subject in Underwear | Subject Wearing PPE | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
AC_u | VC_u | AC_PPE | VC_PPE | |
Cylinder base area (m2) and volume (m3) | 0.2809 ± 0.016 | 0.4814 ± 0.036 | 0.3855 ± 0.044 | 0.6917 ± 0.070 |
AC_PPE–AC_u | VC_PPE–VC_u | |||
Differences in cylinder base area (m2) and volume (m3) between subject in underwear and PPE | 0.1046 ± 0.055 | 0.2102 ± 0.093 | ||
ΔAw | ΔVw | |||
Relative differences in cylinder base area and volume between subject in underwear and PPE (%) | 37.25 ± 2.10 | 43.67 ± 2.17 |
Subject in Underwear | Subject Wearing PPE | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
AQ_u | VQ_u | AQ_PPE | VQ_PPE | |
Cuboid base area (m2) and volume (m3) | 0.2141 ± 0.0057 | 0.3675 ± 0.0098 | 0.3303 ± 0.0184 | 0.5925 ± 0.0335 |
AQ_PPE–AQ_u | VQ_PPE–VQ_u | |||
Absolute differences in cuboid base area (m2) and volume (m3) between subject in underwear and PPE | 0.1162 ± 0.0129 | 0.2250 ± 0.0240 | ||
ΔAQ | ΔVQ | |||
Relative differences in cuboid base area and volume between subject in underwear and PPE (%) | 54.19 ± 4.70 | 61.14 ± 5.04 |
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Szkudlarek, J.; Owczarek, G.; Jachowicz, M.; Zagrodny, B. Procedure for Determining Dimensional Allowances for PPE Using 3D Scanning Methods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042397
Szkudlarek J, Owczarek G, Jachowicz M, Zagrodny B. Procedure for Determining Dimensional Allowances for PPE Using 3D Scanning Methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042397
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzkudlarek, Joanna, Grzegorz Owczarek, Marcin Jachowicz, and Bartłomiej Zagrodny. 2022. "Procedure for Determining Dimensional Allowances for PPE Using 3D Scanning Methods" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042397