Use of the Natural Outdoor Environment in Different Populations in Europe in Relation to Access: Implications for Policy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Natural Outdoor Environments and Health
1.2. Access and Use of Natural Outdoor Environments (NOE)
1.3. Aims of Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Time Spent in Natural Outdoor Environments (NOE)
2.3.2. Objective Measures of Access to Natural Outdoor Environments (NOE)
2.3.3. Straight-Line Distance Access to Natural Outdoor Environments (NOE)
2.3.4. Road Network Distance Access to Natural Outdoor Environments (NOE)
2.3.5. Covariates
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Study Scope
4.2. Policy Implications
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Frequency | ‘How often did you visit/go to green/blue environments close to your home (less than 15 min by foot/bike)?’ and ‘How often did you visit/go to green/blue environments in your city/town (more than 15 min by foot/bike)?’ | Responses were recorded on a 5-point scale (never; 1 time or less in past month; 2–3 times in past month; 1–4 times weekly; (almost) daily) |
Duration | ‘How much time did you spend in green/blue environments close to your home (less than 15 min by foot/bike)?’ and ‘How much time did you spend in green/blue environments in your city/town (more than 15 min by foot/bike)?’ | Responses were recorded on a 4-point scale (<1 h; 1–2 h; 3–5 h; and 6–10 h). |
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Total | Barcelona | Stoke-on-Trent | Doetinchem | Kaunas | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||
Gender, females (n (%)) | 2185 (55.4) | 551 (52.8) | 542 (51.9) | 488 (56.7) | 604 (60.6) | * |
Age (years: median (IQR)) | 51.4 (11.4) | 45 (15.5) | 45.8(16.1) | 56.4 (12.2) | 59.5 (14) | * |
Education | * | |||||
Low (n (%)) | 274 (6.9) | 150 (14.4) | 97 (9.5) | 10 (1.2) | 17 (1.7) | |
Medium (n (%)) | 1732 (43.9) | 403 (38.7) | 657 (64.3) | 408 (47.4) | 263 (26.4) | |
High (n (%)) | 1915 (48.5) | 488 (46.9) | 268 (26.2) | 442 (51.4) | 717 (71.9) | |
Owning a dog, yes (n (%)) | 1253 (31.7) | 201 (19.3) | 336 (32.2) | 184 (21.4) | 532 (53.4) | * |
Childhood NOE experience | * | |||||
Never (n (%)) | 97 (2.5) | 36 (3.5) | 33 (3.2) | 7 (0.8) | 21 (2.1) | |
Sometimes (n (%)) | 517 (13.1) | 161 (15.5) | 214 (20.8) | 55 (6.4) | 86 (8.6) | |
Regularly (n (%)) | 902 (22.9) | 173 (16.6) | 259 (25.1) | 139 (16.1) | 331 (33.2) | |
Often (n (%)) | 954 (24.2) | 268 (25.7) | 195 (18.9) | 244 (28.3) | 247 (24.8) | |
Very often (n (%)) | 1461 (37) | 403 (38.7) | 330 (32) | 416 (48.3) | 312 (31.3) | |
Time in NOE (hours/month: median (IQR)) | 49.12 (77) | 49.12 (80.25) | 47.38 (113.63) | 60.50 (42.88) | 47.88 (84.50) | |
Access to NOE (distance and size) | ||||||
Presence of NOE of 0.5 ha or more at 150 m straight-line distance (n (%)) | 1629 (41.3) | 498 (47.7) | 708 (67.8) | 762 (88.5) | 615 (61.7) | * |
Presence of NOE of 1 ha or more at 150 m straight-line distance (n (%)) | 1816 (46) | 229 (21.9) | 654 (62.6) | 677 (78.6) | 571 (57.3) | * |
Presence of NOE of 0.5 ha or more at 300 m straight-line distance (n (%)) | 737 (18.7) | 498 (47.7) | 987 (94.5) | 861 (100) | 864 (86.7) | * |
Presence of NOE of 1 ha or more at 300 m straight-line distance (n (%)) | 854 (21.6) | 453 (43.4) | 975 (93.4) | 832 (96.6) | 833 (83.6) | * |
Presence of NOE of 0.5 ha or more at 150 m network distance (n (%)) | 1993 (50.5) | 416 (39.8) | 491 (47) | 700 (81.3) | 347 (34.8) | * |
Presence of NOE of 1 ha or more at 150 m network distance (n (%)) | 2361 (59.8) | 308 (29.5) | 436 (41.8) | 516 (59.9) | 326 (32.7) | * |
Presence of NOE of 0.5 ha or more at 300 m network distance (n (%)) | 872 (22.1) | 800 (76.6) | 857 (82.1) | 846 (98.3) | 572 (57.4) | * |
Presence of NOE of 1 ha or more at 300 m network distance (n (%)) | 1302 (33) | 560 (53.6) | 802 (76.8) | 743 (86.3) | 540 (54.2) | * |
Combined Sample | Barcelona | Stoke-on-Trent | Doetinchem | Kaunas | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Presence of NOE of... | Expβ (95% CI) | Expβ (95% CI) | Expβ (95% CI) | Expβ (95% CI) | Expβ (95% CI) |
0.5 ha or more at 150 m straight-line | 1.10 (1.09, 1.11) *** | 1.34 (1.31, 1.37) *** | 1.16 (1.13, 1.18) *** | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) |
1 ha or more at 150 m straight-line | 1.12 (1.10, 1.13) *** | 1.36 (1.33, 1.39) *** | 1.21 (1.18, 1.24) *** | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) *** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
0.5 ha or more at 300 m straight-line | 1.21 (1.19,1.23) *** | 1.31(1.29,1.34) *** | 0.82 (0.78,0.85) *** | # | 1.14 (1.11,1.17) *** |
1 ha or more at 300 m straight-line | 1.20 (1.19, 1.22) *** | 1.41 (1.38, 1.44) *** | 0.81 (0.78, 0.85) *** | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) *** |
0.5 ha or more at 150 m network | 1.08 (1.07, 1.09) *** | 1.13 (1.10, 1.15) *** | 1.26 (1.23, 1.29) *** | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) |
1 ha or more at 150 m network | 1.12 (1.11, 1.13) *** | 1.21 (1.19, 1.24) *** | 1.34 (1.32, 1.37) *** | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) *** | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) *** |
0.5 ha or more at 300 m network | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) * | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.17 (1.14, 1.20) *** | 1.52 (1.38, 1.67) *** | 0.95 (0.94, 0.97) *** |
1 ha or more at 300 m network | 1.05 (1.04, 1.06) *** | 1.12 (1.10, 1.15) *** | 1.12 (1.09, 1.15) *** | 1.09 (1.05, 1.12) *** | 0.96 (0.95, 0.98) *** |
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Masterson, D.; Triguero-Mas, M.; Marquez, S.; Zijlema, W.; Martinez, D.; Gidlow, C.; Smith, G.; Hurst, G.; Cirach, M.; Grazuleviciene, R.; et al. Use of the Natural Outdoor Environment in Different Populations in Europe in Relation to Access: Implications for Policy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042226
Masterson D, Triguero-Mas M, Marquez S, Zijlema W, Martinez D, Gidlow C, Smith G, Hurst G, Cirach M, Grazuleviciene R, et al. Use of the Natural Outdoor Environment in Different Populations in Europe in Relation to Access: Implications for Policy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042226
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasterson, Daniel, Margarita Triguero-Mas, Sandra Marquez, Wilma Zijlema, David Martinez, Christopher Gidlow, Graham Smith, Gemma Hurst, Marta Cirach, Regina Grazuleviciene, and et al. 2022. "Use of the Natural Outdoor Environment in Different Populations in Europe in Relation to Access: Implications for Policy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042226