Parental Preferences of Influenza Vaccination for Children in China: A National Survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Attributes and Levels
2.2. DCE Design and Questionnaire
2.3. Participants and Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
+ β3 × Recommendationdoctor + β4 × Recommendationschool
+ β5 × Protection duration12-month + β6 × Safety0% + β7 × Safety15%
+ β8 × Waynasal spray + β9 × Cost + εn
2.5. Policy Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Sociodemographic Information
3.2. Parental Preferences toward Influenza Vaccination
3.3. Policy Analysis
3.3.1. Trade-Offs among Attributes
3.3.2. Probability of Vaccine Uptake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attributes | Levels of Attributes |
---|---|
Cost of vaccination (CNY) | 0, 65, 150, 330 |
Source of recommendation for vaccination | School, physician, relatives |
Vaccine effectiveness (%) | 30, 50, 80 |
Vaccine safety * (%) | 0, 15, 30 |
Mode of administration | Nasal spray, intramuscular injection |
Duration of vaccination protection (months) | 6, 12 |
Characteristics | N | Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender of parents | ||
Male | 539 | 44.69 |
Female | 667 | 55.31 |
Age of parents (years) | ||
≤30 | 284 | 23.55 |
31–40 | 746 | 61.85 |
≥41 | 176 | 14.60 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 1193 | 98.92 |
Divorced or widowed | 13 | 1.08 |
Education level | ||
Master or above | 108 | 8.96 |
Bachelor or college | 975 | 80.84 |
High school (secondary school) and below | 123 | 10.20 |
Province for living | ||
Guangdong | 199 | 16.50 |
Liaoning | 195 | 16.17 |
Hubei | 200 | 16.58 |
Jiangxi | 203 | 16.83 |
Shaanxi | 216 | 17.91 |
Yunnan | 193 | 16.01 |
Living residence | ||
Urban | 1123 | 93.12 |
Rural | 83 | 6.88 |
Healthcare-related work | ||
Yes | 108 | 8.96 |
No | 1098 | 91.04 |
Family annual income (CNY) | ||
≤100,000 | 310 | 25.71 |
100,000–200,000 | 648 | 53.73 |
≥200,000 | 248 | 20.56 |
Age of the youngest children | ||
6 months–3 years | 389 | 32.26 |
3–7 years | 415 | 34.41 |
7–12 years | 265 | 21.97 |
12–17 years | 137 | 11.36 |
Gender of children | ||
Boy | 656 | 54.39 |
Girl | 550 | 45.61 |
Health condition of children | ||
Good | 1022 | 84.74 |
Average | 169 | 14.01 |
Poor | 15 | 1.25 |
Probability of children infected by flu annually | ||
Low | 432 | 35.82 |
Average | 481 | 39.88 |
High | 293 | 24.30 |
Attributes (Ref.) | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. (β) | SE+ | SD | SE++ | Coeff. (β) | SE+ | |
Vaccination cost | −0.003 ### | <0.001 | −0.003 ### | <0.001 | ||
Vaccine effectiveness (30%) | ||||||
50% | 0.816 ### | 0.060 | 0.421 ## | 0.163 | 0.463 ## | 0.191 |
80% | 2.436 ### | 0.110 | 1.738 ### | 0.109 | 1.563 ### | 0.289 |
Source of recommendation (relatives) | ||||||
Physician | 0.545 ### | 0.059 | 0.621 ### | 0.113 | 0.551 ### | 0.059 |
School | 0.252 ### | 0.056 | 0.025 | 0.247 | 0.252 ### | 0.056 |
Duration of vaccination protection (6 months) | ||||||
12 months | 0.311 ### | 0.051 | 0.441 ### | 0.147 | −0.094 | 0.174 |
Vaccine safety (30%) | ||||||
0% | 1.752 ### | 0.089 | 1.129 ### | 0.096 | 1.016 ### | 0.203 |
15% | 0.680 ### | 0.060 | 0.008 | 0.232 | 0.274 # | 0.160 |
Mode of administration (intramuscular injection) | ||||||
Nasal spray | 0.078 | 0.052 | 0.448 ### | 0.134 | −0.022 | 0.073 |
ASC | 0.461 ### | 0.163 | 2.956 ### | 0.156 | 2.832 ### | 0.493 |
Interaction terms | ||||||
Neither * parents aged 30–40 years | 0.723 ### | 0.275 | ||||
Neither * parents aged over 40 years | 1.094 ### | 0.380 | ||||
Neither * master or above | 1.763 ### | 0.595 | ||||
Neither * bachelor or college | 1.069 ## | 0.456 | ||||
Neither * income a | 0.931 ### | 0.315 | ||||
Neither * income b | 1.460 ### | 0.377 | ||||
Vaccine safety (0%) * master or above | 0.717 ## | 0.322 | ||||
Vaccine safety (0%) * bachelor | 0.351 | 0.224 | ||||
Vaccine safety (15%) * master or above | 0.731 ### | 0.261 | ||||
Vaccine safety (15%) * bachelor | 0.233 | 0.179 | ||||
Vaccine effectiveness (50%) * urban | 0.299 | 0.200 | ||||
Vaccine effectiveness (80%) * urban | 0.639 ## | 0.299 | ||||
Duration of vaccination protection12-month * urban | 0.445 ## | 0.182 | ||||
Vaccine effectiveness (50%) * income a | 0.142 | 0.130 | ||||
Vaccine effectiveness (50%) * income b | −0.013 | 0.164 | ||||
Vaccine effectiveness (80%) * income a | 0.456 ## | 0.189 | ||||
Vaccine effectiveness (80%) * income b | 0.295 | 0.236 | ||||
Vaccine safety (0%) * income a | 0.528 ### | 0.168 | ||||
Vaccine safety (0%) * income b | 0.718 ### | 0.211 | ||||
Vaccine safety (15%) * income a | 0.232 # | 0.134 | ||||
Vaccine safety (15%) * income b | 0.282 # | 0.169 | ||||
Nasal spray * boy | 0.200 ## | 0.096 | ||||
AIC | 10,945.28 | 10,894.32 | ||||
BIC | 11,097 | 11,229.71 | ||||
No. of respondents, (n) | 1206 | 1206 | ||||
No. of observations, (n) | 21,708 | 21,708 | ||||
Log-likelihood | −5453.6385 | −5405.1589 | ||||
Likelihood ratio chi2 | 1357.07 | 1320.43 |
Attributes (Ref.) | All Respondents (N = 1206) | Geographical Region | Latitude | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
East (N = 394) | Central (N = 403) | West (N = 409) | High (N = 392) | Middle (N = 403) | Low (N = 411) | ||
WTP (95% CI) | WTP (95% CI) | WTP (95% CI) | |||||
Vaccine effectiveness (30%) | |||||||
50% | 268.83 (218.07, 319.59) | 236.12 (147.36, 324.88) | 265.91 (196.03, 335.79) | 313.24 (196.44, 430.04) | 215.24 (134.28, 296.20) | 265.91 (196.03, 335.79) | 339.11 (206.01, 472.22) |
80% | 802.57 (679.53, 925.61) | 842.35 (601.79, 1082.92) | 675.01 (527.40, 822.62) | 952.15 (650.98, 1253.31) | 707.17 (517.85, 896.50) | 675.01 (527.40, 822.62) | 1134.08 (747.27, 1520.89) |
Source of recommendation (relatives) | |||||||
Physician | 179.46 (135.46, 223.46) | 227.69 (139.65, 315.72) | 136.32 (77.71, 194.92) | 192.01 (97.88, 286.14) | 178.47 (103.95, 252.99) | 136.32 (77.71, 194.92) | 251.33 (137.10, 365.55) |
School | 82.97 (45.08, 120.86) | 83.90 (12.72, 155.07) | 62.04 (11.02, 113.05) | 114.23 (30.42, 198.03) | 103.76 (36.73, 170.80) | 62.04 (11.02, 113.05) | 98.04 (8.69, 187.40) |
Duration of vaccination protection (6 months) | |||||||
12 months | 102.57 (67.78, 137.35) | 168.14 (95.21, 241.07) | 43.33 (−0.93, 87.59) | 121.71 (42.62, 200.80) | 122.18 (58.76, 185.60) | 43.33 (−0.93, 87.59) | 178.14 (84.05, 272.22) |
Vaccine safety (30%) | |||||||
0% | 577.29 (485.79, 668.79) | 646.32 (459.82, 832.82) | 450.84 (346.54, 555.15) | 694.71 (468.45, 920.97) | 544.23 (392.48, 695.98) | 450.84 (346.54, 555.15) | 826.80 (543.02, 1110.58) |
15% | 224.18 (178.06, 270.29) | 243.49 (154.12, 332.87) | 178.36 (119.17, 237.56) | 274.50 (167.01, 381.98) | 217.14 (139.22, 295.06) | 178.36 (119.17, 237.56) | 312.64 (186.68, 438.61)) |
Way of vaccination (intramuscular) | |||||||
Nasal spray | 25.81 (−9.00, 60.62) | −19.92 (−80.55, 40.71) | 32.16 (−18.20, 82.52) | 66.90 (−10.42, 144.22) | 23.80 (−33.99, 81.58) | 32.16 (−18.20, 82.52) | 19.07 (−59.91, 98.04) |
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Jiang, M.; Gong, Y.; Fang, Y.; Yao, X.; Feng, L.; Zhu, S.; Peng, J.; Shi, X. Parental Preferences of Influenza Vaccination for Children in China: A National Survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042145
Jiang M, Gong Y, Fang Y, Yao X, Feng L, Zhu S, Peng J, Shi X. Parental Preferences of Influenza Vaccination for Children in China: A National Survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042145
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Minghuan, Yilin Gong, Yu Fang, Xuelin Yao, Liuxin Feng, Shan Zhu, Jin Peng, and Xinke Shi. 2022. "Parental Preferences of Influenza Vaccination for Children in China: A National Survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 2145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042145