Understanding the Role of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Stress in the Association between Proximity to the World Trade Center Disaster and Birth Outcomes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Sociodemographic and Exposure Variables
2.3. Sample Collection and Chemical Analysis
2.3.1. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
2.3.2. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs)
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Chemical and Participant Characteristics
3.2. Associations between Chemical PCs, Demoralization, Geographic WTC Proximity Exposure Group, and Birth Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Live or Work WTC Exposure Variable | Live Only WTC Exposure Variable | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Overall | >2 Miles | <2 Miles | p-Value a | >2 Miles | <2 Miles | p-Value a |
N (%) | 108 (100) | 54 (50) | 54 (50) | 81 (75) | 27 (25) | ||
Birth weight (g), median (IQR): | 3441 (3069, 3730) | 3583 (3113, 3783) | 3399 (2964, 3626) | 0.04 | 3515 (3110, 3775) | 3335 (3043, 3488) | 0.03 |
Birth length (cm), median (IQR): | 51.0 (49.5, 52.6) | 51.0 (49.5, 52.9) | 51.0 (49, 52.4) | 0.37 | 51.0 (49.5, 53) | 50.0 (48.8, 51.8) | 0.05 |
Child sex, n (%): | |||||||
Female | 51 (47.2) | 26 (48.1) | 25 (46.3) | >0.99 | 38 (46.9) | 13 (48.1) | >0.99 |
Male | 57 (52.8) | 28 (51.9) | 29 (53.7) | 43 (53.1) | 14 (51.9) | ||
Maternal race, n (%): | |||||||
Black | 16 (14.8) | 7 (13) | 9 (16.7) | 0.33 | 12 (14.8) | 4 (14.8) | 0.15 |
White | 58 (53.7) | 33 (61.1) | 25 (46.3) | 48 (59.3) | 10 (37) | ||
Asian | 25 (23.1) | 9 (16.7) | 16 (29.6) | 16 (19.8) | 9 (33.3) | ||
Other | 9 (8.3) | 5 (9.3) | 4 (7.4) | 5 (6.2) | 4 (14.8) | ||
Parity, n (%): | |||||||
No previous pregnancies | 68 (63) | 30 (55.6) | 38 (70.4) | 0.16 | 51 (63) | 17 (63) | >0.99 |
1+ previous pregnancies | 40 (37) | 24 (44.4) | 16 (29.6) | 30 (37) | 10 (37) | ||
Maternal education, n (%): | |||||||
<High school degree | 9 (8.3) | 6 (11.1) | 3 (5.6) | 0.09 | 6 (7.4) | 3 (11.1) | 0.33 |
High school degree | 12 (11.1) | 9 (16.7) | 3 (5.6) | 11 (13.6) | 1 (3.7) | ||
>High school degree | 87 (80.6) | 39 (72.2) | 48 (88.9) | 64 (79) | 23 (85.2) | ||
Maternal age, median (IQR): | 31.2 (27, 34.4) | 30.9 (27, 33.6) | 31.3 (28.2, 34.5) | 0.61 | 31.3 (27.2, 34.6) | 30.9 (25.2, 33.6) | 0.45 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, median (IQR): | 22 (20.1, 25.3) | 23.2 (21, 26.5) | 21.3 (19.5, 23.1) | 0.004 | 22.5 (20.2, 25.8) | 21.5 (20.1, 24.3) | 0.49 |
Family smoking exposure, n (%): | |||||||
No | 89 (82.4) | 47 (87) | 42 (77.8) | 0.31 | 70 (86.4) | 19 (70.4) | 0.11 |
Yes | 19 (17.6) | 7 (13) | 12 (22.2) | 11 (13.6) | 8 (29.6) | ||
Trimester, n (%): | |||||||
First | 66 (61.1) | 30 (55.6) | 36 (66.7) | 0.32 | 49 (60.5) | 17 (63) | >0.99 |
Second/third | 42 (38.9) | 24 (44.4) | 18 (33.3) | 32 (39.5) | 10 (37) | ||
Medicaid, n (%): | |||||||
No | 75 (69.4) | 31 (57.4) | 44 (81.5) | 0.01 | 55 (67.9) | 20 (74.1) | 0.72 |
Yes | 33 (30.6) | 23 (42.6) | 10 (18.5) | 26 (32.1) | 7 (25.9) | ||
Pregnancy complications, n (%): | |||||||
No | 98 (90.7) | 50 (92.6) | 48 (88.9) | 0.74 | 73 (90.1) | 25 (92.6) | >0.99 |
Yes | 10 (9.3) | 4 (7.4) | 6 (11.1) | 8 (9.9) | 2 (7.4) |
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | Demoralization | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Live/work <2 miles | −0.05 (−1.12, 1.03) | −0.14 (−0.86, 0.59) | 0.60 (0.03, 1.18) | 0.26 (−0.26, 0.78) | 0.11 (−0.07, 0.3) |
Live <2 miles | 0.15 (−1.07, 1.37) | 0.38 (−0.44, 1.2) | 0.73 (0.08, 1.38) | 0.16 (−0.43, 0.75) | 0.00 (−0.21, 0.22) |
Birth Weight (g) | Birth Length (cm) | |
---|---|---|
PC1 | 22.5 (−9.49, 54.48) | −0.03 (−0.22, 0.15) |
PC2 | 2.16 (−49.77, 54.1) | 0.11 (−0.19, 0.4) |
PC3 | −96.49 (−163.09, −29.9) | −0.47 (−0.86, −0.09) |
PC4 | −6.81 (−74.25, 60.62) | −0.15 (−0.54, 0.23) |
Demoralization | −91.19 (−284.8, 102.42) | −0.37 (−1.48, 0.74) |
Model 1 | Model 1 + PC1 | Model 1 + PC2 | Model 1 + PC3 | Model 1 + PC4 | Model 1 + Demoralization | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birth Weight | ||||||
Live/work <2 miles | −155.9 (−336.7, 25.0) | −163.0 (−338.2, 12.1) | −154.8 (−336.5, 26.8) | −107.7 (−287.5, 72.1) | −164.3 (−346.5, 17.9) | −143.6 (−326.0, 38.7) |
Live <2 miles | −215.2 (−416.2, −14.3) | −214.9 (−409.7, −20.2) | −221.9 (−424.3, −19.4) | −156.4 (−358.2, 45.4) | −221.9 (−423.8, −20.0) | −209.5 (−410.4, −8.63) |
Birth Length | ||||||
Live/work <2 miles | −0.32 (−1.36, 0.72) | −0.32 (−1.37, 0.73) | −0.31 (−1.35, 0.73) | −0.07 (−1.11, 0.97) | −0.26 (−1.3, 0.79) | −0.26 (−1.31, 0.79) |
Live <2 miles | −1.47 (−2.6, −0.34) | −1.47 (−2.61, −0.34) | −1.53 (−2.67, −0.4) | −1.21 (−2.36, −0.06) | −1.43 (−2.56, −0.29) | −1.45 (−2.58, −0.32) |
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Spratlen, M.J.; Perera, F.P.; Sjodin, A.; Wang, Y.; Herbstman, J.B.; Trasande, L. Understanding the Role of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Stress in the Association between Proximity to the World Trade Center Disaster and Birth Outcomes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042008
Spratlen MJ, Perera FP, Sjodin A, Wang Y, Herbstman JB, Trasande L. Understanding the Role of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Stress in the Association between Proximity to the World Trade Center Disaster and Birth Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042008
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpratlen, Miranda J., Frederica P. Perera, Andreas Sjodin, Yuyan Wang, Julie B. Herbstman, and Leonardo Trasande. 2022. "Understanding the Role of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Stress in the Association between Proximity to the World Trade Center Disaster and Birth Outcomes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 2008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042008