Gender and Social Inequalities in Awareness of Coronary Artery Disease in European Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Awareness of Heart Disease
3.3. Warning Signs of a Heart Attack and Calls to Emergency Services
3.4. Perceived Risk Factors and Heart Disease Prevention Strategies
3.5. At-Risk Individuals and Medical History
3.6. Key Awareness Indicators
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Male | Female | Overall | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Gender | 1252 | 47.8 | 1357 | 52.2 | 2609 | 100 |
Age | ||||||
25–44 years | 425 | 34.0 | 469 | 34.6 | 895 | 34.3 |
45–64 years | 514 | 41.0 * | 513 | 37.8 * | 1027 | 39.4 |
65 and over | 313 | 25.0 * | 374 | 27.6 * | 687 | 26.3 |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Health status | ||||||
Very good | 261 | 20.8 | 280 | 20.6 | 541 | 20.7 |
Good | 637 | 50.9 | 686 | 50.5 | 1323 | 50.7 |
Fair | 272 | 21.8 * | 325 | 23.9 * | 597 | 22.9 |
Bad | 65 | 5.2 * | 52 | 3.8 * | 117 | 4.5 |
Very bad | 17 | 1.3 | 14 | 1.0 | 31 | 1.2 |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 252 | 20.2 | 170 | 12.6 | 422 | 16.2 |
Married/living together | 860 | 69.1 * | 894 | 66.1 * | 1754 | 67.5 |
Divorced/separated | 70 | 5.6 ** | 132 | 9.8 ** | 203 | 7.8 |
Widow | 63 | 5.1 ** | 157 | 11.6 ** | 220 | 8.5 |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Education | ||||||
Compulsory or less | 725 | 58.8 ** | 860 | 64.5 ** | 1584 | 61.7 |
Higher education | 509 | 41.2 ** | 473 | 35.5 ** | 982 | 38.3 |
Missing | 19 | 1.4 | 24 | 1.7 | 43 | 1.6 |
Relative socioeconomic status | ||||||
High | 521 | 45.9 ** | 435 | 36.6 ** | 956 | 41.1 |
Low | 614 | 54.1 ** | 752 | 63.4 ** | 1366 | 58.9 |
Missing | 117 | 9.3 | 170 | 12.5 | 287 | 11.0 |
Health insurance | ||||||
Has health coverage | 1219 | 97.4 * | 1337 | 98.5 * | 2556 | 98.0 |
Don’t know/No answer | 12 | 1.0 | 10 | 0.7 | 22 | 0.8 |
Medical history | ||||||
Has suffered from a heart attack | 83 | 6.7 ** | 54 | 4.0 ** | 137 | 5.3 |
Don’t know/No answer | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 |
Has been diagnosed with a cardiovascular disease (other than heart attack) | 148 | 12.0 ** | 120 | 8.9 ** | 268 | 10.3 |
Don’t know/No answer | 13 | 1.0 | 6 | 0.4 | 19 | 0.7 |
Close relative or friend has had a heart attack | 731 | 58.7 * | 843 | 62.5 * | 1575 | 60.7 |
Don’t know/No answer | 15 | 1.2 | 14 | 1.0 | 29 | 1.1 |
Close relative or friend has had another severe cardiovascular disease (different from a heart attack: myocardial infarction or angina pectoris) | 502 | 40.9 * | 589 | 44.2 * | 1090 | 42.6 |
Don’t know/No answer | 44 | 3.5 | 41 | 3.0 | 85 | 3.3 |
Have you ever taken a screening test to know about your risk of being affected by cardiovascular disease? | 645 | 52.0 ** | 472 | 35.2 ** | 1134 | 43.2 |
Don’t know/No answer | 13 | 1.0 | 14 | 1.0 | 27 | 1.0 |
High Education | Low Education | High SES | Low SES | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||||||
Characteristic | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Leading health issue (affecting your gender) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cancer in general | 250 | 22.8 * | 235 | 19.9 * | 119 | 26.4 xx | 76 | 18.2 | 131 | 20.3 xx | 159 | 21.0 | 116 | 22.3 | 71 | 16.4 †† | 133 | 21.7 | 151 | 20.1 †† |
Lung cancer | 19 | 1.8 * | 1 | 0.1 * | 7 | 1.6 | 1 | 0.1 | 12 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.1 | 8 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 1.9 | 1 | 0.1 |
Breast cancer | 266 | 22.5 | 92 | 22.2 | 174 | 22.9 | 74 | 17.2 †† | 192 | 25.7 †† | ||||||||||
Diabetes | 30 | 2.8 | 28 | 2.4 | 12 | 2.8 | 12 | 2.9 | 18 | 2.8 | 16 | 2.2 | 14 | 2.7 | 13 | 2.9 | 16 | 2.8 | 15 | 2.1 |
Heart disease/Heart attack | 210 | 19.2 ** | 50 | 4.2 ** | 88 | 19.7 | 25 | 5.9 †† | 122 | 19.2 | 25 | 3.4 †† | 118 | 22.7 xx | 28 | 6.7 †† | 87 | 14.2 xx | 22 | 3.0 †† |
Obesity | 109 | 10.0 * | 69 | 5.8 * | 54 | 12.0 xx | 31 | 6.8 †† | 55 | 8.8 xx | 38 | 4.7 †† | 57 | 11.2 xx | 39 | 9.0 †† | 52 | 8.5 xx | 26 | 3.4 †† |
Don’t know/No answer | 157 | 12.5 | 174 | 12.8 | 65 | 12.8 | 53 | 11.3 | 86 | 11.9 | 115 | 13.4 | 54 | 10.3 | 37 | 8.4 | 86 | 14.0 | 100 | 13.3 |
Leading cause of death (affecting your gender) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accidental death | 31 | 2.7 * | 5 | 0.4 * | 9 | 1.9 xx | 3 | 0.8 †† | 22 | 3.3 xx | 2 | 0.2 †† | 16 | 3.3 | 3 | 0.9 †† | 15 | 2.8 | 2 | 0.3 †† |
Cancer in general | 260 | 22.9 * | 573 | 49.1 * | 101 | 21.4 | 202 | 48.7 | 159 | 23.7 | 371 | 49.2 | 100 | 19.1 xx | 218 | 50.1 | 146 | 23.8 xx | 355 | 47.4 |
Lung cancer | 42 | 3.7 * | 13 | 1.1 * | 6 | 1.2 xx | 0 | 0.0 †† | 36 | 5.2 xx | 13 | 1.8 †† | 7 | 1.4 xx | 1 | 0.1 †† | 29 | 4.7 xx | 11 | 1.4 †† |
Breast cancer | 199 | 17.0 | 72 | 17.1 | 127 | 16.7 | 68 | 15.7 | 129 | 17.1 | ||||||||||
Heart disease/Heart attack | 565 | 49.9 ** | 192 | 16.5 ** | 259 | 55.5 xx | 75 | 18.1 | 306 | 46.1 xx | 117 | 15.6 | 301 | 59.4 xx | 83 | 19.7 †† | 264 | 44.2 xx | 109 | 15.2 †† |
Stroke | 58 | 5.1 | 56 | 4.8 | 17 | 3.8 xx | 17 | 4.2 | 41 | 6.1 xx | 39 | 5.3 | 18 | 3.7 xx | 13 | 2.9†† | 40 | 6.9 xx | 43 | 6.0 †† |
Don’t know/No answer | 121 | 9.7 | 189 | 13.9 | 42 | 8.3 | 52 | 11.0 | 73 | 10.0 | 132 | 15.3 | 48 | 9.3 | 62 | 14.3 | ||||
What are the warning signs that you associate with having a heart attack? | ||||||||||||||||||||
Chest pain (discomfort and sharp pain) | 759 | 60.6 ** | 779 | 57.4 ** | 334 | 65.6 xx | 305 | 64.4 †† | 418 | 57.6 xx | 467 | 54.3 †† | 340 | 65.3 xx | 288 | 66.3 †† | 345 | 56.2 xx | 399 | 53.0 †† |
Radiation of pain | 532 | 42.5 ** | 659 | 48.6 ** | 221 | 43.5 | 246 | 52.0† | 303 | 41.8 | 405 | 47.1 † | 237 | 45.4 xx | 241 | 55.4 †† | 234 | 38.1 xx | 338 | 45.0 †† |
Dyspnea (shortness of breath) | 219 | 17.5 * | 268 | 19.7 * | 97 | 19.1 | 96 | 20.4 | 122 | 16.8 | 169 | 19.7 | 111 | 21.3 xx | 111 | 25.6 †† | 89 | 14.5 xx | 129 | 17.2 †† |
Nausea | 66 | 5.3 ** | 171 | 12.6 ** | 36 | 7.0 xx | 68 | 14.4 | 29 | 4.0 xx | 102 | 11.9 | 36 | 7.0 xx | 42 | 9.7 † | 22 | 3.6 xx | 102 | 13.6† |
Sweating | 110 | 8.8 ** | 55 | 4.1 ** | 51 | 10.1 | 22 | 4.6 | 59 | 8.1 | 31 | 3.6 | 58 | 11.1 xx | 17 | 3.9 | 39 | 6.4 xx | 33 | 4.4 |
Unusual fatigue | 60 | 4.8 | 64 | 4.7 | 18 | 3.6 x | 29 | 6.2 † | 42 | 5.8 x | 34 | 4.0 † | 20 | 3.9 x | 20 | 4.7 | 36 | 5.8 x | 38 | 5.1 |
Dizziness | 180 | 14.4 * | 160 | 11.8 * | 95 | 18.6 xx | 59 | 12.4 | 85 | 11.8 xx | 99 | 11.5 | 77 | 14.7 | 56 | 12.8 | 88 | 14.4 | 91 | 12.1 |
Generalized weakness | 83 | 6.7 * | 62 | 4.6 * | 38 | 7.4 | 22 | 4.7 | 45 | 6.3 | 40 | 4.7 | 33 | 6.3 | 22 | 5.0 | 45 | 7.4 | 39 | 5.2 |
Palpitations | 100 | 8.0 * | 138 | 10.1 * | 45 | 8.9 | 48 | 10.1 | 52 | 7.2 | 84 | 9.8 | 35 | 6.8 x | 48 | 11.1 | 58 | 9.4 x | 79 | 10.5 |
Don’t know/No answer | 305 | 24.4 | 140 | 10.3 | 109 | 21.4 | 35 | 7.5 | 188 | 25.9 | 104 | 12.1 | 105 | 20.1 | 22 | 5.1 | 174 | 28.4 | 97 | 12.9 |
Knows the main symptoms | 205 | 16.3 | 208 | 15.4 | 97 | 19.1 xx | 96 | 20.4 †† | 105 | 14.5 xx | 108 | 12.6 †† | 102 | 19.6 xx | 89 | 20.5 †† | 86 | 14.0 xx | 102 | 13.6 †† |
If you thought you were experiencing a heart attack, what is the first thing you would do? | ||||||||||||||||||||
Take an aspirin | 10 | 0.8 | 16 | 1.2 | 6 | 1.2 | 7 | 1.4 | 4 | 0.6 | 6 | 0.7 | 7 | 1.3 xx | 3 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.4 xx | 10 | 1.3 |
Go to a hospital | 117 | 9.3 | 135 | 9.9 | 39 | 7.6 xx | 37 | 7.8 †† | 78 | 10.8 xx | 96 | 11.2 †† | 39 | 7.4 xx | 31 | 7.2 †† | 72 | 11.7 xx | 94 | 12.5 †† |
Call a doctor | 187 | 15.0 * | 227 | 16.7 * | 68 | 13.4 xx | 51 | 10.8 †† | 117 | 16.1 xx | 166 | 19.3 †† | 77 | 14.8 | 59 | 13.5 †† | 91 | 14.9 | 149 | 19.8 †† |
Call emergency medical services (112) | 681 | 54.4 * | 781 | 57.6 * | 298 | 58.6 xx | 317 | 67.1†† | 376 | 51.8 xx | 458 | 53.3 †† | 286 | 54.8 | 281 | 64.7 †† | 327 | 53.3 | 390 | 51.9 †† |
Call your spouse or a family member | 109 | 8.7 * | 94 | 6.9 * | 51 | 10.1 xx | 36 | 7.6 | 57 | 7.9 xx | 56 | 6.5 | 49 | 9.4 | 33 | 7.5 | 52 | 8.4 | 47 | 6.3 |
Other | 119 | 9.5 * | 71 | 5.2 * | 43 | 8.5 | 21 | 4.5 | 68 | 9.4 | 50 | 5.8 | 60 | 11.6 xx | 24 | 5.5 | 47 | 7.7 xx | 38 | 5.0 |
Don’t know | 28 | 2.2 | 33 | 2.5 | 3 | 0.5 xx | 4 | 0.8 †† | 25 | 3.4 xx | 28 | 3.3 †† | 4 | 0.7 xx | 4 | 1.0 †† | 23 | 3.7 xx | 24 | 3.2 †† |
Call emergency services versus all other options | 681 | 54.4 * | 781 | 57.6 * | 299 | 58.7 xx | 318 | 67.2 †† | 376 | 51.8 xx | 458 | 53.3 †† | 286 | 54.8 | 281 | 64.7 †† | 327 | 53.3 | 390 | 51.9 †† |
High Education | Low Education | High SES | Low SES | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||||||
Characteristic | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Main risk factors for suffering cardiovascular disease | ||||||||||||||||||||
High blood pressure | 142 | 11.4 ** | 251 | 18.5 ** | 81 | 16.0 xx | 109 | 23.0 †† | 60 | 8.3 xx | 141 | 16.4 †† | 67 | 18.8 | 58 | 13.4 †† | 75 | 17.8 | 65 | 8.7 †† |
Cholesterol (low good cholesterol or high bad cholesterol) | 74 | 5.9 ** | 142 | 10.4 ** | 46 | 9.1 xx | 64 | 13.5 †† | 28 | 3.9 xx | 74 | 8.6 †† | 37 | 11.0 | 32 | 7.4 †† | 37 | 9.4 | 29 | 3.8 †† |
Family history of heart disease or stroke | 128 | 10.2 ** | 211 | 15.6 ** | 65 | 12.8 xx | 108 | 22.8 †† | 62 | 8.6xx | 97 | 11.3 †† | 69 | 18.7 x | 50 | 11.6 † | 59 | 13.4 x | 64 | 8.5† |
Smoking habit | 794 | 63.4 * | 812 | 59.8 * | 322 | 63.2 | 300 | 63.4 † | 455 | 62.7 | 499 | 58.0 † | 369 | 60.4x | 304 | 69.8†† | 351 | 48.9 xx | 429 | 57.0 †† |
Drinking alcohol | 598 | 47.8 ** | 376 | 27.7 ** | 231 | 45.4 | 134 | 28.3 | 354 | 48.8 | 237 | 27.5 | 258 | 37.0 x | 147 | 50.6† | 262 | 32.0 x | 229 | 45.3 † |
Diabetes | 46 | 3.6 ** | 99 | 7.3 ** | 29 | 5.8 xx | 41 | 8.7 † | 17 | 2.3 xx | 58 | 6.7 † | 22 | 6.3 | 20 | 4.5† | 24 | 5.7 | 21 | 3.0† |
Unhealthy diet habits | 489 | 39.1 | 544 | 40.1 | 223 | 43.8 xx | 225 | 47.6 †† | 259 | 35.7 xx | 311 | 36.2 †† | 230 | 44.2 x | 181 | 41.5 † | 221 | 36.0 xx | 272 | 36.2 † |
Not exercising | 537 | 42.9 * | 542 | 40.0 * | 277 | 54.5 xx | 236 | 49.9 †† | 258 | 35.6xx | 296 | 34.4 †† | 254 | 48.7 x | 226 | 51.9 †† | 200 | 32.5 xx | 262 | 34.9 †† |
Obesity | 394 | 31.4 ** | 501 | 36.9 ** | 182 | 35.8 xx | 187 | 39.6 † | 210 | 28.9 xx | 296 | 34.4 † | 207 | 39.8 x | 187 | 43.1 †† | 153 | 24.9 xx | 162 | 21.6 †† |
Stress | 804 | 64.2 | 847 | 62.4 | 313 | 61.4x | 313 | 66.2 † | 473 | 65.3 x | 529 | 61.5 † | 353 | 67.7 | 288 | 66.3 | 403 | 65.6 | 475 | 63.1 |
Other | 95 | 7.6 ** | 226 | 16.7 ** | 35 | 6.9 | 89 | 18.9 † | 59 | 8.2 | 134 | 15.6† | 35 | 10.2 x | 51 | 11.7 | 60 | 15.0 x | 105 | 13.9 |
Don’t know | 143 | 11.4 | 72 | 5.3 | 40 | 7.8 | 14 | 3.0 | 103 | 14.2 | 52 | 6.0 | 30 | 5.8 | 7 | 1.7 | 103 | 16.8 | 47 | 6.2 |
Preventive actions | ||||||||||||||||||||
Eating more fruit and vegetables | 544 | 43.4 * | 626 | 46.3 * | 211 | 41.5 | 178 | 37.6 †† | 324 | 44.7 | 437 | 50.8†† | 212 | 40.6 | 201 | 46.1 | 273 | 44.4 | 365 | 48.6 |
Physical activity | 846 | 67.6 | 891 | 65.9 | 362 | 71.2x | 339 | 71.6 †† | 481 | 66.3 x | 543 | 63.1 †† | 389 | 74.7 xx | 309 | 71.0 †† | 395 | 64.4 xx | 483 | 64.2 †† |
Regular medical check-ups | 351 | 28.1 * | 409 | 30.3 * | 126 | 24.8 x | 152 | 32.1 | 220 | 30.3x | 249 | 29.0 | 135 | 25.9 x | 120 | 27.5 † | 191 | 31.1 x | 237 | 31.5 † |
Keep a healthy weight | 472 | 37.7 * | 478 | 35.3 * | 215 | 42.2 xx | 187 | 39.5 †† | 247 | 34.0 xx | 278 | 32.3 †† | 212 | 40.7 x | 161 | 37.0 | 213 | 34.7 x | 255 | 33.9 |
Not smoking | 636 | 50.8 ** | 638 | 47.2 ** | 269 | 52.8 | 245 | 51.8 †† | 360 | 49.6 | 378 | 44.0 †† | 276 | 53.0 x | 223 | 51.3 †† | 289 | 47.0 x | 316 | 42.0 †† |
Improve stress management | 334 | 26.7 ** | 321 | 23.8 ** | 145 | 28.4 x | 121 | 25.5 | 180 | 24.8 x | 200 | 23.4 | 148 | 28.5 | 120 | 27.5 †† | 161 | 26.3 | 157 | 20.9 †† |
Hypertension control | 275 | 22.0 ** | 374 | 27.7 ** | 99 | 19.4 x | 130 | 27.4 | 171 | 23.6 x | 237 | 27.6 | 106 | 20.3 | 107 | 24.7 † | 136 | 22.2 | 217 | 28.8 † |
Taking vitamins | 18 | 1.4 * | 30 | 2.2 * | 6 | 1.2 | 7 | 1.4 † | 9 | 1.3 | 23 | 2.7† | 1 | 0.2 xx | 8 | 1.8 | 14 | 2.3 xx | 22 | 2.9 |
Taking antioxidants | 12 | 0.9 | 15 | 1.1 | 4 | 0.7 | 5 | 1.1 | 8 | 1.1 | 10 | 1.2 | 2 | 0.4 x | 5 | 1.1 | 9 | 1.4 x | 10 | 1.3 |
Hormone replacement therapy | 4 | 0.3 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0x | 0 | 0.0 † | 4 | 0.5 x | 3 | 0.4 † | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.1 |
Diabetes control | 117 | 9.3 * | 108 | 8.0* | 44 | 8.6 | 28 | 6.0 † | 73 | 10.0 | 77 | 8.9 † | 39 | 7.5 x | 21 | 4.9 †† | 61 | 9.9 x | 74 | 9.9†† |
Don’t know | 13 | 1.1 | 10 | 0.7 | 4 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.2 † | 9 | 1.3 | 9 | 1.0 † | 2 | 0.3x | 3 | 0.7 | 10 | 1.7 x | 3 | 0.4 |
Individuals who are most at risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease | ||||||||||||||||||||
Men have more heart diseases than women | 960 | 80.2 ** | 892 | 69.9 ** | 417 | 82.0 x | 339 | 74.7 †† | 542 | 78.8 x | 553 | 67.0 †† | 443 | 85.1 xx | 312 | 71.7 | 461 | 75.0 xx | 517 | 68.8 |
Don’t know/No answer | 55 | 4.4 | 81 | 6.0 | 29 | 5.7 | 24 | 5.0 | 26 | 3.6 | 54 | 6.3 | 24 | 4.7 | 14 | 3.3 | 21 | 3.4 | 44 | 5.8 |
Men that are highly stressed executive professionals are more prone to heart attacks | 1059 | 85.7 | 1151 | 86.2 | 436 | 85.6 | 406 | 85.8 | 621 | 85.7 | 740 | 86.1 | 450 | 86.4 | 378 | 86.9 | 533 | 86.8 | 650 | 86.4 |
Don’t know/No answer | 15 | 1.2 | 22 | 1.6 | 9 | 1.7 | 1 | 0.2 | 7 | 0.9 | 22 | 2.5 | 5 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.1 | 10 | 1.6 | 15 | 2.0 |
Young women, under 50, do not have heart attacks | 310 | 25.7** | 274 | 20.8 ** | 109 | 21.8 xx | 100 | 21.3 | 201 | 28.4 xx | 174 | 20.6 | 126 | 24.1 x | 78 | 17.9 † | 176 | 28.7 x | 165 | 21.9 † |
Don’t know/No answer | 46 | 3.7 | 35 | 2.6 | 22 | 4.3 | 4 | 0.9 | 25 | 3.5 | 32 | 3.7 | 18 | 3.4 | 1 | 0.1 | 23 | 3.8 | 27 | 3.6 |
In women the probability of heart disease increases after menopause | 667 | 65.2** | 830 | 69.1 ** | 288 | 68.4 x | 320 | 75.1 †† | 379 | 63.3 x | 510 | 65.8 †† | 298 | 63.1 | 308 | 70.7 | 369 | 66.3 | 506 | 67.3 |
Don’t know/No answer | 230 | 18.4 | 156 | 11.5 | 112 | 22.0 | 50 | 10.6 | 112 | 15.5 | 106 | 12.3 | 97 | 18.6 | 38 | 8.7 | 109 | 17.8 | 85 | 11.3 |
Only women who adopt behaviors and lifestyles of men will have heart disease | 290 | 24.7 * | 301 | 22.9 * | 99 | 20.5 xx | 64 | 13.7 †† | 191 | 27.9 xx | 237 | 27.9 †† | 122 | 23.5 x | 72 | 16.6 †† | 167 | 27.2 x | 199 | 26.5 †† |
Don’t know/No answer | 78 | 6.2 | 46 | 3.4 | 30 | 5.8 | 15 | 3.1 | 48 | 6.6 | 31 | 3.6 | 22 | 4.3 | 2 | 0.4 | 47 | 7.7 | 34 | 4.5 |
Only women which have brought up children will have heart disease | 55 | 4.6 | 54 | 4.0 | 13 | 2.6 xx | 7 | 1.5 †† | 42 | 6.1 xx | 45 | 5.2 †† | 21 | 4.0 | 7 | 1.7 †† | 28 | 4.6 | 43 | 5.7 †† |
Don’t know/No answer | 70 | 5.6 | 31 | 2.3 | 21 | 4.2 | 7 | 1.5 | 30 | 4.2 | 25 | 2.9 | 18 | 3.4 | 1 | 0.1 | 31 | 5.0 | 23 | 3.1 |
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Daponte-Codina, A.; Knox, E.C.; Mateo-Rodriguez, I.; Seims, A.; Regitz-Zagrosek, V.; Maas, A.H.E.M.; White, A.; Barnhoorn, F.; Rosell-Ortiz, F. Gender and Social Inequalities in Awareness of Coronary Artery Disease in European Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031388
Daponte-Codina A, Knox EC, Mateo-Rodriguez I, Seims A, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Maas AHEM, White A, Barnhoorn F, Rosell-Ortiz F. Gender and Social Inequalities in Awareness of Coronary Artery Disease in European Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031388
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaponte-Codina, Antonio, Emily C. Knox, Inmaculada Mateo-Rodriguez, Amanda Seims, Vera Regitz-Zagrosek, Angela H. E. M. Maas, Alan White, Floris Barnhoorn, and Fernando Rosell-Ortiz. 2022. "Gender and Social Inequalities in Awareness of Coronary Artery Disease in European Countries" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031388