Impact of Income and Industry on New-Onset Diabetes among Employees: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Definition of Diabetes
2.4. Categorizations of Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Onset of Diabetes
3.3. Summary of Research Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Title | All | Male | Female | |||||||||
DM+ | Total | pValue | DM+ | Total | pValue | DM+ | Total | pValue | ||||
n | (%) | n | n | (%) | n | n | (%) | n | ||||
773 | (3.2) | 24516 | 620 | (4.0) | 15474 | 153 | (1.7) | 9042 | ||||
Sex | ||||||||||||
Male | 620 | (4.0) | 15,474 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Female | 153 | (1.7) | 9042 | |||||||||
Age Category | ||||||||||||
40–49 | 332 | (2.6) | 12783 | <0.001 | 275 | (3.4) | 8197 | <0.001 | 57 | (1.2) | 4586 | <0.001 |
50–59 | 316 | (3.4) | 9307 | 244 | (4.4) | 5585 | 72 | (1.9) | 3722 | |||
60–74 | 125 | (5.2) | 2426 | 101 | (6.0) | 1692 | 24 | (3.3) | 734 | |||
Income Level (USD) Quartile | ||||||||||||
Q1: <2000 | 187 | (3.0) | 6219 | 0.704 | 87 | (5.4) | 1615 | <0.001 | 100 | (2.2) | 4604 | 0.002 |
Q2: 2000–2999 | 175 | (3.3) | 5236 | 143 | (4.8) | 2977 | 32 | (1.4) | 2259 | |||
Q3: 3000–3799 | 214 | (3.1) | 6990 | 201 | (3.6) | 5540 | 13 | (0.9) | 1450 | |||
Q4: ≥3800 | 197 | (3.2) | 6071 | 189 | (3.5) | 5342 | 8 | (1.1) | 729 | |||
Hypertension with Medication | ||||||||||||
Yes | 338 | (5.6) | 6035 | <0.001 | 272 | (6.1) | 4488 | <0.001 | 66 | (4.3) | 1547 | <0.001 |
No | 435 | (2.4) | 18481 | 348 | (3.2) | 10986 | 87 | (1.2) | 7495 | |||
Dyslipidemia with Medication | ||||||||||||
Yes | 448 | (4.8) | 9328 | <0.001 | 352 | (5.4) | 6486 | <0.001 | 96 | (3.4) | 2842 | <0.001 |
No | 325 | (2.1) | 15187 | 268 | (3.0) | 8987 | 57 | (0.9) | 6200 | |||
BMI | ||||||||||||
<25 | 350 | (1.9) | 18423 | <0.001 | 279 | (2.6) | 10912 | <0.001 | 71 | (0.9) | 7511 | <0.001 |
≥25 | 423 | (6.9) | 6093 | 341 | (7.5) | 4562 | 82 | (5.4) | 1531 | |||
Smoking | ||||||||||||
Yes | 377 | (4.1) | 9257 | <0.001 | 340 | (4.5) | 7634 | 0.005 | 37 | (2.3) | 1623 | 0.043 |
No | 395 | (2.6) | 15,243 | 279 | (3.6) | 7830 | 116 | (1.6) | 7413 | |||
Types of Industry | ||||||||||||
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries | 4 | (6.3) | 64 | 0.156 | 2 | (6.1) | 33 | 0.547 | 2 | (6.5) | 31 | 0.040 |
Mining and stone quarrying | 2 | (3.1) | 64 | 0.990 | 2 | (3.4) | 59 | 0.809 | 0 | (0.0) | 5 | 0.769 |
Construction | 79 | (3.8) | 2077 | 0.076 | 70 | (4.1) | 1699 | 0.801 | 9 | (2.4) | 378 | 0.289 |
Manufacturing | 156 | (2.9) | 5444 | 0.169 | 133 | (3.3) | 4090 | 0.004 | 23 | (1.7) | 1354 | 0.984 |
Electricity, gas, heat supply, and water | 5 | (5.1) | 99 | 0.279 | 4 | (5.4) | 74 | 0.539 | 1 | (4.0) | 25 | 0.370 |
Information and communications | 18 | (2.0) | 880 | 0.945 | 15 | (3.4) | 446 | 0.482 | 3 | (2.2) | 134 | 0.621 |
Transport and postal services | 130 | (4.7) | 2788 | <0.001 | 126 | (5.0) | 2527 | 0.006 | 4 | (1.5) | 261 | 0.839 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 167 | (3.5) | 4793 | 0.143 | 123 | (4.4) | 2775 | 0.207 | 44 | (2.2) | 2018 | 0.054 |
Finance and insurance | 13 | (2.6) | 497 | 0.489 | 9 | (4.3) | 211 | 0.847 | 4 | (1.4) | 286 | 0.696 |
Real estate and goods rental and leasing | 18 | (4.0) | 454 | 0.318 | 17 | (5.7) | 296 | 0.124 | 1 | (0.6) | 158 | 0.298 |
Scientific research, professional and technical services | 24 | (3.8) | 630 | 0.339 | 23 | (5.0) | 463 | 0.284 | 1 | (0.6) | 167 | 0.269 |
Accommodations, food and beverage services | 13 | (3.2) | 402 | 0.926 | 8 | (3.4) | 234 | 0.644 | 5 | (3.0) | 168 | 0.193 |
Living-related and personal services and entertainment services | 17 | (3.5) | 485 | 0.654 | 12 | (4.4) | 274 | 0.751 | 5 | (2.4) | 211 | 0.440 |
Education and learning support | 4 | (1.9) | 216 | 0.272 | 4 | (2.7) | 147 | 0.425 | 0 | (0.0) | 69 | 0.274 |
Medical, health care, and welfare | 55 | (1.6) | 3343 | <0.001 | 20 | (2.5) | 797 | 0.027 | 35 | (1.4) | 2546 | 0.143 |
Compound services | 0 | (0.0) | 42 | 0.242 | 0 | (0.0) | 19 | 0.373 | 0 | (0.0) | 23 | 0.529 |
Other services | 55 | (2.8) | 1999 | 0.284 | 47 | (3.8) | 1232 | 0.721 | 8 | (1.0) | 767 | 0.145 |
Government services | 13 | (2.4) | 539 | 0.319 | 5 | (5.1) | 98 | 0.579 | 8 | (1.8) | 441 | 0.839 |
Title | Male (n = 15,474) | Female (n = 9042) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||||
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |||||
Age Category | ||||||||||||
50–59 | 1.32 | 1.10 | 1.57 | 1.26 | 1.05 | 1.52 | 1.57 | 1.10 | 2.22 | 1.11 | 0.76 | 1.61 |
60–74 | 1.83 | 1.45 | 2.31 | 1.59 | 1.21 | 2.09 | 2.69 | 1.66 | 4.36 | 1.55 | 0.90 | 2.65 |
Income Level (USD) Quartile | ||||||||||||
Q1: <2000 | 1.55 | 1.20 | 2.01 | 1.31 | 0.97 | 1.77 | 2.00 | 0.97 | 4.13 | 1.53 | 0.70 | 3.35 |
Q2: 2000–2999 | 1.38 | 1.10 | 1.72 | 1.38 | 1.09 | 1.75 | 1.30 | 0.59 | 2.82 | 1.23 | 0.54 | 2.79 |
Q3: 3000–3799 | 1.03 | 0.84 | 1.26 | 1.07 | 0.87 | 1.32 | 0.82 | 0.34 | 1.98 | 0.88 | 0.35 | 2.20 |
Hypertension with Medication | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1.97 | 1.68 | 2.32 | 1.54 | 1.29 | 1.82 | 3.79 | 2.74 | 5.25 | 2.08 | 1.46 | 2.95 |
Dyslipidemia with Medication | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1.87 | 1.59 | 2.20 | 1.59 | 1.35 | 1.88 | 3.77 | 2.71 | 5.24 | 2.60 | 1.84 | 3.69 |
BMI | ||||||||||||
≥25 | 3.08 | 2.62 | 3.62 | 2.77 | 2.34 | 3.28 | 5.93 | 4.29 | 8.19 | 4.16 | 2.95 | 5.87 |
Smoking | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1.26 | 1.07 | 1.48 | 1.41 | 1.19 | 1.66 | 1.47 | 1.01 | 2.13 | 1.64 | 1.11 | 2.42 |
Types of Industry | ||||||||||||
Construction | 1.03 | 0.80 | 1.33 | 1.43 | 0.86 | 2.38 | 1.44 | 0.73 | 2.85 | 1.89 | 0.88 | 4.04 |
Manufacturing | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.91 | 1.22 | 0.76 | 1.98 | 1.00 | 0.64 | 1.57 | 0.97 | 0.55 | 1.69 |
Information and communications | 0.83 | 0.49 | 1.40 | 1.50 | 0.75 | 2.98 | ||||||
Transport and postal services | 1.32 | 1.08 | 1.62 | 1.46 | 0.89 | 2.38 | 0.90 | 0.33 | 2.45 | 0.88 | 0.30 | 2.56 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 1.14 | 0.93 | 1.39 | 1.72 | 1.06 | 2.79 | 1.41 | 0.99 | 2.01 | 1.20 | 0.74 | 1.95 |
Finance and insurance | 1.07 | 0.55 | 2.09 | 1.80 | 0.80 | 4.05 | 0.82 | 0.30 | 2.23 | 1.27 | 0.43 | 3.77 |
Real estate and goods rental and leasing | 1.47 | 0.90 | 2.42 | 2.07 | 1.06 | 4.04 | ||||||
Scientific research, professional and technical services | 1.26 | 0.82 | 1.93 | 1.78 | 0.96 | 3.29 | ||||||
Accommodations, food and beverage services | 0.85 | 0.42 | 1.72 | 1.38 | 0.59 | 3.19 | ||||||
Living-related and personal services and entertainment services | 1.10 | 0.61 | 1.97 | 1.64 | 0.78 | 3.45 | 1.42 | 0.58 | 3.51 | 1.79 | 0.68 | 4.74 |
Medical, health care, and welfare | 0.60 | 0.38 | 0.95 | 1.00 | (reference) | 0.75 | 0.52 | 1.10 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||
Other services | 0.95 | 0.70 | 1.28 | 1.35 | 0.79 | 2.32 | 0.59 | 0.29 | 1.21 | 0.63 | 0.29 | 1.39 |
Government services | 1.08 | 0.53 | 2.21 | 1.21 | 0.54 | 2.71 |
Male (n = 15,474) | Income Level (USD) Quartile | |||||||||||
Q1 (n = 1615) | Q2 (n = 2977) | Q3 (n = 5540) | Q4 (n = 5,42) | |||||||||
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |||||
Types of Industry | ||||||||||||
Construction | 0.82 | 0.25 | 2.67 | 1.70 | 0.47 | 6.15 | 1.16 | 0.43 | 3.09 | 1.86 | 0.78 | 4.44 |
Manufacturing | 0.41 | 0.13 | 1.26 | 1.41 | 0.42 | 4.70 | 0.86 | 0.33 | 2.22 | 2.24 | 0.99 | 5.05 |
Information and communications | 1.11 | 0.33 | 3.75 | 2.51 | 0.86 | 7.33 | ||||||
Transport and postal services | 0.54 | 0.20 | 1.45 | 2.11 | 0.64 | 6.99 | 1.07 | 0.40 | 2.82 | 1.88 | 0.73 | 4.86 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 0.91 | 0.30 | 2.73 | 1.88 | 0.53 | 6.70 | 1.35 | 0.52 | 3.50 | 2.52 | 1.13 | 5.65 |
Finance and insurance | 2.32 | 0.76 | 7.05 | |||||||||
Real estate and goods rental and leasing | 2.21 | 0.42 | 11.56 | 1.81 | 0.49 | 6.62 | 1.71 | 0.43 | 6.76 | |||
Scientific research, professional and technical services | 2.54 | 0.58 | 11.21 | 1.48 | 0.45 | 4.86 | 2.57 | 0.96 | 6.90 | |||
Accommodations, food and beverage services | 0.75 | 0.14 | 3.99 | 1.51 | 0.30 | 7.49 | ||||||
Living-related and personal services and entertainment services | 1.74 | 0.53 | 5.70 | 4.16 | 1.16 | 14.86 | ||||||
Education and learning support | 1.34 | 0.31 | 5.86 | |||||||||
Medical, health care, and welfare | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | ||||
Other services | 0.63 | 0.20 | 1.98 | 1.11 | 0.29 | 4.32 | 0.70 | 0.23 | 2.11 | 3.10 | 1.29 | 7.47 |
Female (n = 9042) | Income Level (USD) Quartile | |||||||||||
Q1 (n = 4604) | Q2 (n = 2259) | Q3 (n = 1450) | Q4 (n = 729) | |||||||||
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |||||
Types of Industry | ||||||||||||
Construction | 2.28 | 0.70 | 7.43 | 1.37 | 0.29 | 6.46 | 2.83 | 0.50 | 16.18 | |||
Manufacturing | 1.29 | 0.59 | 2.81 | 1.36 | 0.49 | 3.77 | ||||||
Transport and postal services | 1.04 | 0.22 | 4.83 | 1.17 | 0.24 | 5.66 | ||||||
Wholesale and retail trade | 1.76 | 0.88 | 3.51 | 0.77 | 0.24 | 2.47 | 0.46 | 0.05 | 4.09 | 0.96 | 0.10 | 9.10 |
Finance and insurance | 1.27 | 0.15 | 10.56 | 1.68 | 0.19 | 14.87 | 0.96 | 0.18 | 5.28 | |||
Living-related and personal services and entertainment services | 4.04 | 1.34 | 12.18 | |||||||||
Medical, health care, and welfare | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | ||||
Other services | 1.21 | 0.48 | 3.08 | |||||||||
Government services | 1.42 | 0.51 | 3.95 | 2.35 | 0.49 | 11.28 |
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Ishihara, R.; Babazono, A.; Liu, N.; Yamao, R. Impact of Income and Industry on New-Onset Diabetes among Employees: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031090
Ishihara R, Babazono A, Liu N, Yamao R. Impact of Income and Industry on New-Onset Diabetes among Employees: A Retrospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031090
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshihara, Reiko, Akira Babazono, Ning Liu, and Reiko Yamao. 2022. "Impact of Income and Industry on New-Onset Diabetes among Employees: A Retrospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031090