Trends in Prescription Opioid Use in Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries in the United States: 2014–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of MVC Injuries (N = 142,204) | Percentage of MVC Injuries Involving Opioids | Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) a | |
---|---|---|---|
Year of MVC injuries | |||
2014 | 20,818 | 24% | 1 (Reference) |
2015 | 33,452 | 23% | 0.93 (0.90, 0.95) |
2016 | 36,350 | 20% | 0.80 (0.78, 0.83) |
2017 | 27,673 | 16% | 0.67 (0.65, 0.70) |
2018 | 23,911 | 12% | 0.50 (0.48, 0.52) |
MVC injuries occurred before or after the CDC guidelines | |||
Before (<March 2016) | 59,678 | 23% | 1 (Reference) |
After (≥March 2016) | 82,526 | 16% | 0.71 (0.70, 0.73) |
Region | |||
Northeast | 14,041 | 11% | 1 (Reference) |
North-Central | 33,837 | 18% | 1.70 (1.43, 2.02) |
South | 67,480 | 21% | 1.83 (1.56, 2.14) |
West | 26,846 | 20% | 2.01 (1.69, 2.39) |
Metropolitan statistical area | |||
Yes | 125,199 | 19% | 1 (Reference) |
No | 17,005 | 21% | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) |
Number of Prescriptions Involved in MVC Injuries, 2014–2018 | Prevalence Ratio (after vs. before the CDC Guidelines in March 2016) | |
---|---|---|
All opioids | 31,584 | 0.71 (0.70, 0.73) |
Common opioids | ||
hydrocodone | 15,655 | 0.63 (0.61, 0.65) |
oxycodone | 6407 | 0.73 (0.69, 0.76) |
tramadol | 5635 | 0.79 (0.75, 0.83) |
codeine | 2445 | 0.98 (0.91, 1.07) |
buprenorphine | 438 | 1.15 (0.94, 1.42) |
morphine | 326 | 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) |
fentanyl | 217 | 0.61 (0.45, 0.82) |
methadone | 82 | 0.50 (0.31, 0.80) |
Year | Number of Prescriptions | Number of Prescriptions per 100 Injuries | MME | Daily MME | Duration (Days) | % High-Dosage a Prescription b | % Long-Acting Prescription b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All states | |||||||
2014 | 5811 | 28 | 828 | 73 | 9.2 | 6.2% | 4.3% |
2015 | 8389 | 25 | 638 | 83 | 8.9 | 5.9% | 3.9% |
2016 | 7903 | 22 | 857 | 107 | 9.4 | 5.4% | 4.7% |
2017 | 5812 | 21 | 499 | 57 | 9.4 | 5.3% | 4.7% |
2018 | 3669 | 15 | 893 | 66 | 9.6 | 5.1% | 5.7% |
States with larger decrease (PR ≤ 0.71 c after versus before the CDC guidelines) | |||||||
2014 | 2675 | 26 | 1273 | 108 | 9.3 | 7.2% | 4.4% |
2015 | 3977 | 24 | 728 | 116 | 8.8 | 5.1% | 3.7% |
2016 | 3438 | 20 | 1318 | 186 | 10.2 | 5.7% | 5.4% |
2017 | 2043 | 16 | 547 | 66 | 9.6 | 4.9% | 5.4% |
2018 | 1285 | 10 | 1730 | 105 | 10.8 | 3.7% | 8.2% |
States with smaller decrease (PR > 0.71 after versus before the CDC guidelines) | |||||||
2014 | 2906 | 28 | 455 | 44 | 9.2 | 5.5% | 4.1% |
2015 | 4372 | 26 | 557 | 53 | 8.9 | 6.8% | 4.1% |
2016 | 4446 | 23 | 504 | 46 | 8.8 | 5.2% | 4.2% |
2017 | 2872 | 20 | 396 | 48 | 8.7 | 3.9% | 3.9% |
2018 | 1778 | 16 | 395 | 37 | 8.8 | 3.1% | 4.4% |
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Jin, L.; Vermund, S.H.; Zhang, Y. Trends in Prescription Opioid Use in Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries in the United States: 2014–2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114445
Jin L, Vermund SH, Zhang Y. Trends in Prescription Opioid Use in Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries in the United States: 2014–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114445
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Lan, Sten H. Vermund, and Yawei Zhang. 2022. "Trends in Prescription Opioid Use in Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries in the United States: 2014–2018" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114445
APA StyleJin, L., Vermund, S. H., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Trends in Prescription Opioid Use in Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries in the United States: 2014–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114445