Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in University Students: A Case-Control Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and General Characteristics of Cases and Controls
3.2. Possibility of Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Cases and Controls
3.3. Predictors of Infections with SARS-CoV-2 in Cases and Controls
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Cases | Controls | ||
Patients | 51 | 102 | |
Gender | |||
Female | 38 (74.5) | 58 (56.9) | |
Male | 13 (25.5) | 44 (43.1) | |
Age, years | |||
Median (IQR) | 22 (20, 24) | 21.5 (20, 24) | |
Faculty area | |||
Non-healthcare area | 29 (56.9) | 64 (62.7) | |
Healthcare area | 22 (43.1) | 38 (37.3) | |
Year of study | |||
First year | 15 (29.4) | 30 (29.4) | |
Second and above years | 36 (70.6) | 72 (70.6) | |
Type of housing | |||
With family | 41 (80.4) | 72 (70.6) | |
With other roommates/university accommodation/alone | 10 (19.6) | 30 (29.4) | |
Roommates under 18 years of age | |||
No | 39 (76.5) | 85 (83.3) | |
Yes | 12 (23.5) | 17 (16.7) | |
No. of roommates | |||
0 or 1 | 7 (13.7) | 14 (13.7) | |
2 | 16 (31.4) | 29 (28.4) | |
3 | 12 (23.5) | 36 (35.3) | |
4 and more | 16 (31.4) | 23 (22.5) | |
Frail roommates | |||
No | 40 (78.4) | 77 (75.5) | |
Yes | 11 (21.6) | 25 (24.5) | |
In-person working roommates | |||
No | 7 (13.7) | 22 (21.6) | |
Yes | 44 (86.3) | 80 (78.4) | |
Coexisting condition | |||
No | 43 (84.3) | 80 (78.4) | |
At least one | 8 (15.7) | 22 (21.6) | |
Adherence to preventive measures (face mask and hand hygiene) | |||
Never/Rarely/Sometimes | 2 (3.9) | 6 (5.9) | |
Often/Always | 49 (96.1) | 96 (94.1) | |
Contact with known case or with person with ILI symptoms | |||
No | 16 (31.4) | 76 (74.5) | |
Yes | 35 (68.6) | 26 (25.5) |
N (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Cases (n = 51) | Controls (n = 102) | |
University activities | ||
Attended practical activities or libraries on campus | 21 (41.2) | 52 (51.0) |
Consumed food in bars and canteens in common areas on campus | 34 (66.7) | 74 (75.5) |
Transport and travel activities | ||
Used public transport | 31 (60.8) | 54 (52.9) |
Used car-sharing services | 0 (0.0) | 9 (8.8) |
Long-range travel | 11 (21.6) | 22 (21.6) |
Stayed in hotels | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.9) |
Social life activities | ||
Consumed food at bars or restaurants | 34 (66.7) | 74 (72.5) |
Visited pubs and clubs | 9 (17.6) | 14 (13.7) |
Visited gyms or swimming pools | 9 (17.6) | 19 (18.6) |
Visited museums, cinemas, or theatres | 1 (2.0) | 6 (5.9) |
Participated in private parties or ceremonies | 11 (21.6) | 14 (13.7) |
Visited beauty salons or hairdressers | 15 (29.4) | 32 (31.4) |
Visited banks or post offices | 1 (2.0) | 23 (22.5) |
Visited shopping malls | 14 (27.5) | 37 (36.3) |
Visited places of worship | 5 (9.8) | 13 (12.7) |
Hosted (by) others outside their own family | 31 (60.8) | 72 (70.6) |
Personal life activities | ||
Attended lessons or libraries off campus | 1 (2.0) | 8 (7.8) |
Did volunteer activities | 2 (3.9) | 3 (2.9) |
Carried out in-person work activity | 5 (9.8) | 17 (16.7) |
Accessed healthcare services | 7 (13.7) | 27 (26.5) |
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
General characteristics | ||||||
Faculty type (healthcare vs. non-healthcare) | 0.56 | 0.17–1.81 | 0.332 § | |||
Year of university attendance (second year and above vs. first year) | 2.00 | 0.48–8.29 | 0.337 § | 17.7 | 2.21–142.82 | 0.007 |
Adherence to preventive measures (often/always vs. never/rarely/sometimes) | 1.00 | 0.14–7.08 | 0.998 | |||
Type of housing (shared apartment/campus accommodation/living alone vs. living with family) | 0.36 | 0.11–1.16 | 0.087 § | 0.08 | 0.01–0.54 | 0.009 |
No. of roommates (Ref: 0 or 1) | ||||||
2 | 1.40 | 0.38–5.14 | 0.608 | |||
3 | 0.68 | 0.15–2.96 | 0.603 | |||
4 or more | 1.70 | 0.41–7.07 | 0.465 | |||
Roommates under 18 years of age (yes) | 2.00 | 0.57–7.04 | 0.280 § | |||
In-person working roommate (yes) | 1.84 | 0.47–7.16 | 0.380 | |||
Campus activities | ||||||
Attended practical training or libraries on campus (yes) | 0.48 | 0.19–1.18 | 0.111 § | 0.29 | 0.08–0.97 | 0.045 |
Consumed food in bars and canteens in common areas on campus (yes) | 1.24 | 0.49–3.15 | 0.652 | |||
Transport and travel activities | ||||||
Used city public transportation (yes) | 1.29 | 0.53–3.14 | 0.581 § | |||
Used car-sharing services (yes) | NA | NA | NA | |||
Long-range travel (yes) | 0.68 | 0.22–2.17 | 0.519 | |||
Stayed in hotels (yes) | NA | NA | NA | |||
Social lifeactivities | ||||||
Consumed food in bars or restaurants (yes) | 0.70 | 0.29–1.67 | 0.429 § | |||
Visited pubs or clubs (yes) | 0.76 | 0.21–2.71 | 0.669 | |||
Visited gyms or swimming pools (yes) | 1.23 | 0.43–3.49 | 0.702 | |||
Visited museums, cinemas, or theatres (yes) | 0.23 | 0.02–2.86 | 0.253 § | |||
Participated in private parties or ceremonies (yes) | 4.86 | 1.34–17.63 | 0.016 § | 15.9 | 2.30–109.67 | 0.005 |
Visited beauty salons or hairdressers (yes) | 1.00 | 0.41–2.45 | 0.996 | |||
Visited banks or post offices (yes) | 0.09 | 0.01–0.81 | 0.032 § | 0.09 | 0.01–1.06 | 0.056 |
Visited shopping malls (yes) | 0.78 | 0.32–1.88 | 0.579 | |||
Visited places of worship (yes) | 0.68 | 0.20–2.34 | 0.544 | |||
Hosted (by) others outside their own family (yes) | 0.38 | 0.14–1.05 | 0.063 § | |||
Private lifeactivities | ||||||
Did volunteer work (yes) | 2.30 | 0.27–20.2 | 0.452 | |||
Carried out in-person work activity (yes) | 0.48 | 0.12–1.92 | 0.301 § | |||
Attended courses or libraries outside campus (yes) | 0.22 | 0.02–2.66 | 0.234 § | |||
Accessed healthcare services (yes) | 0.52 | 0.16–1.68 | 0.275 § | 0.25 | 0.05–1.35 | 0.106 |
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Migliara, G.; Renzi, E.; Baccolini, V.; Cerri, A.; Donia, P.; Massimi, A.; Marzuillo, C.; De Vito, C.; Casini, L.; Polimeni, A.; et al. Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in University Students: A Case-Control Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114376
Migliara G, Renzi E, Baccolini V, Cerri A, Donia P, Massimi A, Marzuillo C, De Vito C, Casini L, Polimeni A, et al. Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in University Students: A Case-Control Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114376
Chicago/Turabian StyleMigliara, Giuseppe, Erika Renzi, Valentina Baccolini, Ambrogio Cerri, Pierluigi Donia, Azzurra Massimi, Carolina Marzuillo, Corrado De Vito, Leandro Casini, Antonella Polimeni, and et al. 2022. "Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in University Students: A Case-Control Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114376
APA StyleMigliara, G., Renzi, E., Baccolini, V., Cerri, A., Donia, P., Massimi, A., Marzuillo, C., De Vito, C., Casini, L., Polimeni, A., Gaudio, E., Villari, P., & The Collaborating Group. (2022). Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in University Students: A Case-Control Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114376