Impact of Situational Environmental Education on Tourist Behavior—A Case Study of Water Culture Ecological Park in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Conceptual Framework
1.2.1. ZMET
1.2.2. MEC
1.2.3. NAT
1.2.4. TPB
1.2.5. Kelly Repertory Grid Technique
2. Research Hypotheses
2.1. Perception of Environmental Behavior
2.2. Subjective Norms
2.3. Perceptual Behavior Control
2.4. Environmental Behavior Intention
2.5. Impact of Situational Environmental Education
3. Data Sources and Research Methods
3.1. Overview of the Study Area
3.2. Research Method
3.2.1. ZMET Interview Method
3.2.2. EE-TPB Model
3.3. Respondents and Process
3.3.1. Personal Involvement Measure
3.3.2. Guided Interviews
3.4. Situational Environmental Education-TPB Questionnaire Design
4. Analytical Methodology
4.1. Data Acquisition
- All persons tested completed the questionnaire voluntarily and consented to the use of the data.
- Relevant events such as the purpose of the experiment were stated in all questionnaires.
- All questionnaires were filled out anonymously.
- Psychological interview techniques (ZMET, MEC, etc.) have been licensed for use in this study.
- All respondents signed an informed consent form.
4.2. Analytical Processing
5. Results
5.1. Analysis of Metaphor Extraction Conclusion
5.2. Situational Environmental Education-Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Model Result Analysis
5.2.1. Descriptive Statistical Analysis of the Sample
- (1)
- The number of visitors under 20 and over 60 was relatively small; mainly young and middle-aged people visited the park.
- (2)
- The educational level of visitors was generally high, and the interviewees were mainly university students.
- (3)
- Most of the tourists were visiting the park for the first time.
Characteristics | Category | Quantity | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 275 | 52.18 |
Female | 252 | 47.82 | |
Age | ≤10 | 4 | 0.76 |
11–20 | 12 | 2.28 | |
21–30 | 225 | 42.69 | |
31–40 | 122 | 23.15 | |
41–50 | 96 | 18.22 | |
51–60 | 62 | 11.76 | |
≥60 | 6 | 1.14 | |
Education | Elementary school and below | 10 | 1.9 |
High school | 186 | 35.29 | |
College | 265 | 50.28 | |
Master’s degree and above | 66 | 12.52 | |
Occupation | Public official | 39 | 7.4 |
Business personnel | 28 | 5.31 | |
Mechanics/workers | 104 | 19.73 | |
Waiters/salespersons | 18 | 3.42 | |
Company staff | 156 | 29.6 | |
Student | 81 | 15.37 | |
Retired people | 41 | 7.78 | |
Others | 60 | 11.39 | |
Place of residence | In Changchun | 337 | 63.95 |
Outside Changchun | 190 | 36.05 | |
Frequency of visiting the Changchun Water Culture Ecological Park | One time | 399 | 75.71 |
Two times | 76 | 14.42 | |
Three times or above | 52 | 9.87 |
5.2.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
5.2.3. Structural Equation Modeling
- (1)
- Standardized path coefficient from ATEB to REBI was 0.660; thus, ATEB and REBI were highly positively correlated, verifying H1.
- (2)
- Standardized path coefficient from SN to REBI was 0.530, indicating that SN and REBI were highly positively correlated, and verifying H2.
- (3)
- Standardized path coefficient from PBC to REBI was 0.514 and to REB was 0.525, indicating high correlation between PBC, and REBI and REB. Thus, H3 and H4 were verified.
- (4)
- Standardized path coefficient from REBI to REB was 0.804; thus, PBC was highly correlated with REBI and REB, and H5 was verified.
- (5)
- Behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, perceptual behavior control, and situational education are the main variables that determine behavioral intentions. The more positive the attitude, the greater the support of significant others, the stronger the perceived behavioral control, and the stronger the situational education intervention, the greater the behavior intention. Behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, perceptual behavior control, and situational environmental education are conceptually distinct, but sometimes they may share a common belief base, so they are both independent and related.
Path | Standard Error | Standardized Path Coefficient | Hypothesis |
---|---|---|---|
ATEB→REBI | 0.032 | 0.660 | Verified |
SN→REBI | 0.042 | 0.530 | Verified |
PBC→REBI | 0.045 | 0.514 | Verified |
PBC→REB | 0.043 | 0.535 | Verified |
REBI→REB | 0.025 | 0.804 | Verified |
EE→REBI | 0.029 | 0.733 | Verified |
EE→REB | 0.026 | 0.776 | Verified |
5.2.4. Fitting Analysis of Situational Environmental Education Factors in the Model
6. Discussion and Conclusions
- Situational environmental education is a situational factor that influences tourists’ REB and has a significant positive impact on REBI and REB of tourists in tourist destinations.
- Situational environmental education as a covariate in the EE-TPB model may share a common belief base with the original TPB influences.
- Personal factors—including ATEB, SN, and PBC—have a strong positive effect on tourists’ REBI, which in turn has a very significant positive effect on tourists’ REB.
- The impact of educational activities related to experiential environmental education on tourists’ responsible environmental behavior is more evident in scenic environmental education.
- Tourists’ attitudes toward environmental behavior have a positive impact on their REBI. Therefore, the scenic beauty and cleanliness should be maintained so that tourists will consciously generate pro-environmental behavior. The services of scenic spots should be convenient for the people, with reasonable fees and standardized tours. The management should strengthen the advertising campaign to make tourists realize the importance and value of the scenic spots and guide their tourism consumption [85].
- Visitors’ SN has a positive impact on their REBI. Therefore, relevant departments should actively guide schools, communities, units, and other organizations to visit these places to create a positive environmental atmosphere and encourage tourists to regulate their REB.
- Visitors’ PBC has a positive impact on their REBI and REB. Therefore, the infrastructure of the scenic spot should be complete and well-maintained. The distribution of various signs and trash cans in the scenic area should be adequate and easy to use. Warning signs should be installed in places where uncivilized behavior is likely to occur to enhance the PBC of visitors [86].
- There should be some educational elements in the landscape, such as promoting the history of the landscape, implementing heritage conservation methods, providing environmental and resource knowledge [81], increasing signage, guiding visitors to adopt responsible environmental behavior, rewarding visitors who consciously engage in REB, and increasing compliance with regulations.
- Situational environmental education should be based on experiential environmental education, such as using 3D projection technology and virtual reality (VR) glasses to build environmental protection experience channels [87].
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
WTTC | World Tourism Council |
GDP | Gross domestic product |
ZMET | Zaltman metaphor elicitation technique |
MEC | Means-end chain |
TPB | Theory of planned behavior |
TRA | Theory of reasoned action |
SN | Subjective norm |
PBC | Perceptual behavior control |
REB | Responsible environmental behavior |
REBI | Responsible environmental behavioral intention |
IBS | Inquiry-based science |
ExE | Experiential education |
OE | Outdoor education |
GBL | Garden-based learning |
RPII | Revised Personal Involvement Inventory |
ATEB | Attitudes toward environmental behaviors |
EE | Situational Environmental Education |
CFA | Confirmatory factor analysis |
HVM | Hierarchical value map |
A-R-V connections | Attitude-Result-Value connections |
ESD | Education for sustainable development |
EP | Environmental protection |
CR | Composite reliability |
AVE | Average variance |
NAT | The norm-activation-theory |
VR | Virtual reality |
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NO. | Gender | Hometown | Occupation | RPII Score |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | M | Changchun | Student | 63 |
B | M | Changchun | Student | 57 |
C | F | Ningbo | Student | 58 |
D | M | Xian | Student | 62 |
E | M | Dandong | Student | 60 |
F | F | Shandong | Salesperson | 58 |
G | F | Changchun | Salesperson | 57 |
H | M | Changchun | Salesperson | 64 |
I | M | Changchun | Profession | 62 |
J | M | Changchun | Housewife | 59 |
K | F | Chengde | Staff | 63 |
L | M | Dalian | Staff | 63 |
M | F | Shanghai | Staff | 57 |
N | F | Changchun | Staff | 62 |
O | M | Changchun | Staff | 66 |
Interview Steps | Main Contents of Operation Method |
---|---|
Storytelling | Stories are an important foundation for human memory and communication. After more than a week of in-depth thinking on study topics, the respondents were asked to express their thoughts on the study topic by telling stories through pictures. |
Missing Image | Interviewees were asked to describe the picture they were looking for but did not find and explain the special meaning of that picture. For the pictures that the interviewee did not find, guided by the ladder method, data were extracted by the concept of method-purpose chain. |
Sorting Task | Interviewees were asked to classify all the collected pictures, based on their understanding, and to explain the reason for such classifications and the meaning of the representative image. |
Construct Elicitation | Applied the Kelly grid method to obtain the deep and relevant answers from the interviewees and drew out the relationship between these answers through the ladder method. The two approaches complement each other and can effectively help interviewees express their ideas. |
Most Representative Picture | Interviewees selected the most representative pictures related to the theme from the pictures they bring and explain why it was chosen. It enables the researcher to understand the inner thoughts of the interviewee more accurately. |
Opposite Image | Interviewees were asked to find a picture that is contrary to the research topic or is a negative concept of the pictures provided. If not, asked the interviewees to describe what kind of a picture it should be. |
Sensory Image | Sensory impressions help us understand the external world and reproduce it in memory. Asked the interviewees to use hearing, taste, touch, sight, smell, color, and emotion to describe what the research topic should and should not be. |
Individual Mind Map | Extracted all the constructs mentioned by the interviewee about the tourist destination landscape; then, followed the interviewee’s constructive logic to integrate the typical construct. Finally, set up the interviewee’s mind map of the destination. Within a certain time, the consensus model was handed over to the interviewees to ensure the model was consistent with the idea being presented. |
Summary Image and Vignette | Interviewees were asked to select pictures with which they could express their important ideas and provide a summary picture. This process can be described and pointed out by the interviewees and handled by the researcher. |
Consensus Map | Combine the mind map of each interviewee to make a consensus map to show the principle of “Three Most”—most of the time, most of the people, and the most common ideas. |
Latent Variable | Observed Variable | Item Text | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
ATEB | ATEB1 | I think it is wise to protect the scenic environment. | [42,43,44,48] |
ATEB2 | I think it is necessary to protect the scenic environment. | ||
ATEB3 | I think it is valuable to protect the scenic environment. | ||
SN | SN1 | People who are important to me think that I should protect the scenic environment. | [4,48] |
SN2 | People I care about will blame me for not protecting the scenic environment. | ||
SN3 | The people I care about are protecting the scenic environment. | ||
PBC | PBC1 | I think I have enough ability to protect the scenic environment. | [42,43,44,48] |
PBC2 | I think I have enough ability to protect the scenic environment. | ||
PBC3 | Protecting the scenic environment is a happy thing. | ||
REBI | REBI1 | I want to protect the scenic landscape from being destroyed. | [4,48] |
REBI2 | I want to properly dispose of the garbage generated during travel. | ||
REBI3 | I do not want to buy products that affect the ecology of the scenic area. | ||
REB | REB1 | I will protect the landscape of the scenic area from being damaged. | [4,48] |
REB2 | I will properly dispose of the garbage generated during travel. | ||
REB3 | I will not buy products that damage the ecology of the scenic area. | ||
EE | EE1 | Water culture education in the scenic area allows me to consciously regulate my REB. | |
EE2 | The beautiful outdoor environment allows me to consciously regulate my REB. | ||
EE3 | Renewable energy education in the scenic area allows me to consciously regulate my REB. |
HVM | No. | Constructs | Number of Mentions |
---|---|---|---|
Specific Attributes | 1 | Water Culture Square | 15 |
2 | North Open Sedimentation Tank | 15 | |
3 | Ecological Gardens | 15 | |
4 | Sponge City Plaza | 14 | |
5 | Activity Park | 13 | |
6 | Forest Corridor | 13 | |
7 | Rain Garden | 13 | |
8 | Stream | 12 | |
9 | Forest Sculpture | 12 | |
10 | Art Plaza | 11 | |
11 | Water Park | 11 | |
12 | Forest Road | 11 | |
13 | South Open Sedimentation Tank | 10 | |
14 | Water Plant Site | 10 | |
15 | Tree House | 9 | |
16 | Tower Site | 9 | |
17 | Blue Sky | 9 | |
18 | Ancient Tree Square | 8 | |
19 | Platform | 7 | |
20 | Negative Oxygen Ions | 7 | |
Abstract Attributes | 1 | Experiential Education | 15 |
2 | Cultural Study | 15 | |
3 | Outdoor Education | 15 | |
4 | Garden-Based Learning | 15 | |
5 | Education for Sustainable Development | 14 | |
6 | Beautiful Environment | 15 | |
7 | History | 12 | |
8 | Humanities | 9 | |
9 | Spiritual Needs | 7 | |
10 | Phytocoenosium | 5 | |
Psychological Consequences | 1 | Environmental Protection | 14 |
2 | Responsibility | 14 | |
3 | Pity | 12 | |
4 | Happy | 12 | |
5 | Quiet | 11 | |
6 | Duty | 10 | |
7 | Pressure | 8 | |
8 | Remorse | 6 | |
Value | 1 | Attitudes Toward Environmental Behaviors | 15 |
2 | Responsible Environmental Behavioral Intentions | 15 | |
3 | Perceptual Behavior Control | 14 | |
4 | Environmental Education | 14 | |
5 | Subjective Norm | 13 |
Variable | Mean | SD | Standardized Factor Loading | R2 | CR | AVE | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATEB | 0.667 | 0.946 | 0.854 | 0.914 | |||
ATEB1 | 4.58 | 0.388 | 0.935 | ||||
ATEB2 | 4.54 | 0.463 | 0.921 | ||||
ATEB3 | 4.58 | 0.443 | 0.917 | ||||
SN | 0.508 | 0.841 | 0.638 | 0.747 | |||
SN1 | 4.20 | 0.720 | 0.827 | ||||
SN2 | 3.67 | 1.030 | 0.823 | ||||
SN3 | 4.14 | 0.752 | 0.744 | ||||
PBC | 0.554 | 0.819 | 0.603 | 0.739 | |||
PBC1 | 3.88 | 0.904 | 0.843 | ||||
PBC2 | 3.40 | 1.199 | 0.786 | ||||
PBC3 | 4.29 | 0.598 | 0.693 | ||||
REBI | 0.686 | 0.898 | 0.746 | 0.829 | |||
REBI1 | 4.29 | 0.580 | 0.882 | ||||
REBI2 | 4.36 | 0.538 | 0.877 | ||||
REBI3 | 4.25 | 0.663 | 0.831 | ||||
REB | 0.611 | 0.906 | 0.762 | 0.843 | |||
REB1 | 4.30 | 0.567 | 0.877 | ||||
REB2 | 4.34 | 0.609 | 0.872 | ||||
REB3 | 4.25 | 0.658 | 0.870 | ||||
EE | 0.766 | 0.909 | 0.770 | 0.850 | |||
EE1 | 4.32 | 0.602 | 0.897 | ||||
EE2 | 4.31 | 0.538 | 0.882 | ||||
EE3 | 4.30 | 0.751 | 0.853 |
Kurtosis | Skewness | χ2 | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ATEB | −0.039 | −0.507 | 1.334 | 0.452 |
SN | 0.491 | −0.606 | 5.586 | 0.061 |
PBC | 0.040 | −0.473 | 1.107 | 0.575 |
REBI | −0.510 | 0.032 | 4.217 | 0.121 |
REB | −0.256 | −0.624 | 2.930 | 0.242 |
EE | 0.138 | −0.772 | 4.217 | 0.231 |
Latent Variable | ATEB | SN | PBC | REBI | REB | EE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATEB | 0.924 | |||||
SN | 0.480 ** | 0.917 | ||||
PBC | 0.429 ** | 0.553 ** | 0.905 | |||
REBI | 0.660 ** | 0.530 ** | 0.514 ** | 0.948 | ||
REB | 0.656 ** | 0.541 ** | 0.525 ** | 0.804 ** | 0.952 | |
EE | 0.599 ** | 0.535 ** | 0.497 ** | 0.733 ** | 0.776 ** | 0.953 |
Regression Analysis | R | R2 | F | Significance | B | Standard Error | Beta |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EE→REBI | 0.733 | 0.537 | 608.232 | 0.000 | 0.713 | 0.029 | 0.733 |
EE→REB | 0.776 | 0.602 | 792.515 | 0.000 | 0.731 | 0.026 | 0.776 |
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Wang, J.; Dai, J.; Dewancker, B.J.; Gao, W.; Liu, Z.; Zhou, Y. Impact of Situational Environmental Education on Tourist Behavior—A Case Study of Water Culture Ecological Park in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811388
Wang J, Dai J, Dewancker BJ, Gao W, Liu Z, Zhou Y. Impact of Situational Environmental Education on Tourist Behavior—A Case Study of Water Culture Ecological Park in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811388
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Jinming, Jialu Dai, Bart Julien Dewancker, Weijun Gao, Zaiqiang Liu, and Yue Zhou. 2022. "Impact of Situational Environmental Education on Tourist Behavior—A Case Study of Water Culture Ecological Park in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811388