Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals/Reagents and Solutions
2.2. Study Population and Samples Collected
2.3. Sample Preparation and Instrumental Analysis
2.4. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
2.5. Estimated Daily Intake of PBDEs by Infants
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Occurrence of PBDE Congeners in Brazilian Breast Milk
3.2. Potential Health Risk for Infants on PBDEs Exposure via Breast Milk
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | Viçosa (n = 100) | Belo Horizonte (n = 100) |
---|---|---|
Age | 18–42 years old | 18–40 years old |
Smoking habit—Yes No | 8 92 | 7 93 |
Drinking habit—Yes No | 8 92 | 18 82 |
Place of residence—Urban Rural | 94 06 | 100 0 |
Education level—Incomplete high school Complete high school | 57 43 | 54 46 |
Household monthly salary—No income ≤R$ 499 R$ 500–999 R$ 1000–1999 R$ 2000–2999 R$ 3000–3999 R$ 4000–4999 >R$ 5000 | 7 24 37 16 7 2 3 4 | 8 16 31 17 13 4 6 5 |
Breast Milk | BDE-28 | BDE-47 | BDE-99 | BDE-100 | BDE-153 | BDE-154 | BDE-183 | ∑7PBDEs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Viçosa | ||||||||
Geometric mean | 0.62 | 0.91 | 0.65 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.76 | 1.56 |
Minimum | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 1.83 |
Maximum | 2.61 | 3.02 | 1.56 | 1.70 | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.53 | 0.14 |
Median | 0.41 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.74 | 4.81 |
Percentile 25th | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.88 |
Percentile 75th | 0.78 | 1.05 | 0.84 | 0.31 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.98 | 2.70 |
Percentile 95th | 1.23 | 2.43 | 1.26 | 1.70 | 1.21 | 1.15 | 1.49 | 4.62 |
Detection rate—% | 41 | 100 | 31 | 09 | 16 | 25 | 24 | - |
Belo Horizonte | ||||||||
Geometric mean | 1.01 | 1.18 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.40 | 0.78 | 0.61 | 2.74 |
Minimum | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 2.82 |
Maximum | 2.61 | 2.74 | 2.11 | 1.33 | 0.75 | 1.85 | 1.53 | 0.73 |
Median | 0.86 | 1.01 | 0.78 | 0.72 | 0.28 | 0.70 | 0.56 | 6.5 |
Percentile 25th | 0.640 | 0.628 | 0.470 | 0.438 | 0.230 | 0.440 | 0.350 | 1.763 |
Percentile 75th | 1.230 | 1.655 | 0.950 | 0.960 | 0.525 | 0.988 | 0.778 | 3.730 |
Percentile 95th | 2.25 | 2.45 | 1.45 | 1.33 | 0.75 | 1.65 | 1.12 | 4.80 |
Detection rate—% | 53 | 100 | 55 | 20 | 8 | 30 | 46 | - |
Spearman’s Correlation | City a | Age | Residence Location b | Education Level | Family Income | BDE-28 | BDE- 47 | BDE-99 | BDE-100 | BDE-153 | BDE-154 | BDE-183 | ∑PBDEs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | 1 | 0.034 | 0.175 * | −0.050 | −0.163 * | −0.447 * | −0.245 * | −0.138 | −0.268 | 0.360 * | −0.222 | 0.189 | −0.391 * |
Age | 1 | 0.093 | 0.013 | 0.033 | −0.090 | −0.036 | −0.055 | 0.046 | 0.186 | 0.086 | 0.084 | −0.088 | |
Residence Location | 1 | −0.033 | −0.98 | −0.212 * | −0.163 * | −0.063 | −0.245 | 0.340 | 0.094 | - | −0.164 * | ||
Education Level | 1 | 0.037 | −0.054 | −0.150 * | −0.149 | 0.141 | 0.065 | 0.396 * | −0.053 | −0.089 | |||
Family Income | 1 | 0.267 * | 0.026 | 0.106 | 0.267 | 0.200 | −0.243 | −0.123 | 0.131 | ||||
BDE-28 | 1 | 0.281 * | 0.258 | 0.494 | −0.572 | 0.208 | −0.481 * | 0.677 * | |||||
BDE-47 | 1 | 0.002 | −0.160 | −0.441 * | −0.097 | 0.204 | 0.649 * | ||||||
BDE-99 | 1 | 0.364 | −0.649 | 0.011 | 0.068 | 0.403 * | |||||||
BDE-100 | 1 | - | −0.091 | 0.301 | 0.482 * | ||||||||
BDE-153 | 1 | 0.640 * | −0.522 | −0.072 | |||||||||
BDE-154 | 1 | 0.233 | 0.346 * | ||||||||||
BDE-183 | 1 | 0.442 * | |||||||||||
∑PBDEs | 1 |
Country | Year of Sample Collection | BDE-47 | ∑7PBDEs | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 2019–2020 | 20.9 | 46.6 | This study |
USA | 2007 | 25.9 | 52.9 | Burtryn et al. (2020) [9] |
China | 2006-2007 | 1.31 | 11.18 | Cui et al. (2012) [33] |
China | 2011 | 1.5 | Zhang et al. (2017) [6] | |
China | 2014 | - | 2.87 | Chen et al. (2019) [44] |
China | 2016–2017 | 0.41 | 39.56 | Li et al. (2020) [43] |
China | 2011–2018 | 0.076 | 1.10 | Zhao and Shi (2021) [34] |
United Kingdom | 2010 | 3.30 | 5.95 | Abdallah and Harrad (2014) [1] |
United Kingdom | 2015 | - | 5.80 | Tao et al. 2017 [5] |
Ireland | 2016–2018 | - | 1.40 | Wemken et al. (2020) [45] |
Spain | 2012 | 1.25 | Schuhmacher et al. (2013) [46] | |
Germany | 2016 | 0.31 | 5.73 | Fromme et al. (2022) [40] |
Taiwan | 2007–2011 | 0.53 | ∑30PBDEs = 3.4 | Tsai et al. (2021) [14] |
Breast Milk | ∑7PBDEs | BDE-47 | BDE-99 |
---|---|---|---|
Viçosa | 12.78 (0.98–33.64) | 6.36 (0.98–21.14) | 4.53 (1.40–10.92) |
Belo Horizonte | 19.77 (5.11–45.50) | 8.29 (1.47–19.18) | 5.27 (1.61–14.27) |
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Souza, M.C.O.; Devóz, P.P.; Ximenez, J.P.B.; Bocato, M.Z.; Rocha, B.A.; Barbosa, F. Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711138
Souza MCO, Devóz PP, Ximenez JPB, Bocato MZ, Rocha BA, Barbosa F. Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):11138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711138
Chicago/Turabian StyleSouza, Marília Cristina Oliveira, Paula Pícoli Devóz, João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez, Mariana Zuccherato Bocato, Bruno Alves Rocha, and Fernando Barbosa. 2022. "Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 11138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711138