Factors Related to Stunting Incidence in Toddlers with Working Mothers in Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Dependent Variable
- -
- Severely stunted: <−3.0 SD
- -
- Stunted: −3.0 SD to −2.0 SD
- -
- Normal: ≥−2 SD.
2.3. Independent Variables
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
Study Limitation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Nutritional Status of Toddlers | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Stunted | Severely Stunted | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Type of residence | <0.001 | ||||||
• Urban | 7455 | 24.5% | 1609 | 18.8% | 745 | 14.7% | |
• Rural | 22,998 | 75.5% | 6941 | 81.2% | 4323 | 85.3% | |
Maternal age | <0.001 | ||||||
• ≤19 | 693 | 2.3% | 168 | 2.0% | 157 | 3.1% | |
• 20–24 | 4212 | 13.8% | 1174 | 13.7% | 747 | 14.7% | <0.001 |
• 25–29 | 8782 | 28.8% | 2411 | 28.2% | 1345 | 26.5% | |
• 30–34 | 8556 | 28.1% | 2366 | 27.7% | 1399 | 27.6% | |
• 35–39 | 5342 | 17.5% | 1520 | 17.8% | 881 | 17.4% | |
• 40–44 | 2037 | 6.7% | 665 | 7.8% | 383 | 7.6% | |
• ≥45 | 831 | 2.7% | 246 | 2.9% | 156 | 3.1% | |
Maternal marital status | <0.001 | ||||||
• Never married | 170 | 0.6% | 65 | 0.8% | 55 | 1.1% | |
• Married | 29,606 | 97.2% | 8241 | 96.4% | 4841 | 95.5% | |
• Divorced/Widowed | 677 | 2.2% | 244 | 2.9% | 172 | 3.4% | |
Maternal education level | <0.001 | ||||||
• Primary school and under | 7734 | 25.4% | 2762 | 32.3% | 2025 | 40.0% | |
• Junior high school | 5437 | 17.9% | 1738 | 20.3% | 981 | 19.4% | |
• Senior high school | 9644 | 31.7% | 2546 | 29.8% | 1339 | 26.4% | |
• College | 7638 | 25.1% | 1504 | 17.6% | 723 | 14.3% | |
Toddler’s age (in months; mean) | 30,453 | (24.83) | 8550 | (31.77) | 5068 | (30.90) | <0.001 |
Predictors | Stunted | Severe Stunted | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |||
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
Type of place: Urban | *** 0.762 | 0.716 | 0.811 | *** 0.613 | 0.563 | 0.667 |
Type of place: Rural | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Age: ≤19 | 1.035 | 0.826 | 1.295 | ** 1.461 | 1.140 | 1.872 |
Age: 20–24 | 1.119 | 0.954 | 1.314 | 1.193 | 0.985 | 1.446 |
Age: 25–29 | 1.141 | 0.979 | 1.330 | 1.121 | 0.932 | 1.348 |
Age: 30–34 | 1.103 | 0.947 | 1.286 | 1.155 | 0.960 | 1.388 |
Age: 35–39 | 1.077 | 0.921 | 1.259 | 1.076 | 0.891 | 1.299 |
Age: 40–44 | 1.141 | 0.962 | 1.352 | 1.095 | 0.891 | 1.346 |
Age: ≥45 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Marital: Never married | 1.242 | 0.896 | 1.723 | * 1.433 | 1.006 | 2.043 |
Marital: Married | 0.877 | 0.754 | 1.021 | *** 0.734 | 0.617 | 0.872 |
Marital: Divorced/Widowed | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Education: Primary school | *** 1.692 | 1.571 | 1.822 | *** 2.435 | 2.216 | 2.676 |
Education: Junior high school | *** 1.546 | 1.427 | 1.674 | *** 1.727 | 1.555 | 1.917 |
Education: Senior high school | *** 1.313 | 1.222 | 1.411 | *** 1.416 | 1.285 | 1.560 |
Education: College | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Toddler’s age (in months) | *** 1.027 | 1.025 | 1.028 | *** 1.024 | 1.022 | 1.026 |
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Laksono, A.D.; Sukoco, N.E.W.; Rachmawati, T.; Wulandari, R.D. Factors Related to Stunting Incidence in Toddlers with Working Mothers in Indonesia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710654
Laksono AD, Sukoco NEW, Rachmawati T, Wulandari RD. Factors Related to Stunting Incidence in Toddlers with Working Mothers in Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710654
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaksono, Agung Dwi, Noor Edi Widya Sukoco, Tety Rachmawati, and Ratna Dwi Wulandari. 2022. "Factors Related to Stunting Incidence in Toddlers with Working Mothers in Indonesia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710654