Levels and Correlates of Numeracy Skills in Lebanese Adults with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. The Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Frequency Counts and Percentages
3.2. Spearman’s Correlation
3.3. Two Sample t-Tests
3.3.1. DNT-15 Scores and Sex
3.3.2. DNT-15 Scores and Having a Source of Income
3.3.3. DNT-15 Scores and Visit to a Dietician
3.3.4. DNT-15 Scores and Follow-Up Visit to an Endocrinologist in the Past Three Months
3.3.5. DNT-15 Scores and Decreased Personal Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.3.6. DNT-15 Scores and Decreased Visits to the Doctor during the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.3.7. DNT-15 and Desire to Make Lifestyle Changes
3.3.8. DNT-15 Scores and Diabetes Duration
3.4. One-Way ANOVA with Tukey HSD
3.4.1. DNT-15 Scores and Marital Status
3.4.2. DNT-15 Scores and Type of Diabetes
3.4.3. DNT-15 Scores and HbA1c Levels
3.4.4. DNT-15 Scores and Educational Level
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N (%) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Males | 144 (48) |
Females | 155 (52) |
Marital status | |
Single | 116 (39) |
Married | 136 (45) |
Divorced/Widowed | 47 (16) |
Educational level | |
Illiterate (<3 years of schooling) | 15 (5) |
Primary (3–8 years of schooling) | 63 (21) |
Secondary (9–14 years of schooling) | 75 (25) |
University (3+ years of higher education) | 146 (49) |
Source of Income | |
Yes | 163 (55) |
No | 136 (45) |
Variables | N (%) |
---|---|
BMI | |
<18.5 | 6 (2) |
18.5 to 24.9 | 92 (31) |
25 to 29.9 | 132 (44) |
≥30 | 69 (23) |
Exercise | |
None | 181 (60) |
1–2 times per week | 62 (21) |
≥3 times per week | 56 (19) |
Healthy diet | |
None | 51 (17) |
1–2 days per week | 53 (18) |
≥3 days per week | 195 (65) |
Type of diabetes | |
Type I | 101 (34) |
Type II | 176 (59) |
Gestational | 22 (7) |
Duration of diabetes | |
<5 years | 86 (29) |
≥5 years | 213 (71) |
Complications * | |
Ocular problems | 96 (32) |
Cardiovascular problems | 55 (18) |
Hypertension | 118 (39) |
Hypercholesterolemia/Hyperlipidemia | 86 (29) |
Obesity | 83 (28) |
Stroke | 15 (5) |
Neurological problems | 46 (15) |
Depression or anxiety | 64 (21) |
Asthma | 36 (12) |
Dental or gum problems | 58 (19) |
Lower limb problems | 63 (21) |
Hand problems | 42 (14) |
Dermatological problems | 54 (18) |
Gastrointestinal problems | 41 (14) |
Sexual problems | 23 (8) |
Thyroid problems | 32 (11) |
Nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea | 31 (10) |
Recurrent infections | 43 (14) |
Kidney problems | 39 (13) |
Recent surgery in the past 5 years | 35 (12) |
No problem | 58 (19) |
Ability to afford diabetes treatment | |
Very difficult | 49 (16) |
Difficult | 65 (22) |
Average | 114 (38) |
Easy | 57 (19) |
Very easy | 14 (5) |
Ease of understanding information on diabetes | |
Very difficult | 28 (9) |
Somewhat difficult | 65 (22) |
Somewhat easy | 99 (33) |
Very easy | 107 (36) |
Frequency of blood glucose level measurement | |
Never | 74 (25) |
Not regularly | 62 (21) |
Once or twice weekly | 36 (12) |
≥Once daily | 127 (42) |
Need for someone to read medical instructions (SILS) ** | |
Always | 42 (14) |
Often | 33 (11) |
Sometimes | 64 (21) |
Rarely | 83 (28) |
Never | 77 (26) |
Decreased visits to healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic | |
No | 91 (30) |
Yes | 208 (70) |
Decreased personal care during COVID-19 pandemic | |
Yes | 165 (55) |
No | 134 (45) |
Desired lifestyle changes | |
No change | 26 (9) |
Become more active | 161 (54) |
Eat healthier | 177 (59) |
Comply to medication | 149 (50) |
Orderly monitor glucose | 149 (50) |
Decrease risk of complications | 144 (48) |
Find solutions on days when sick and glucose levels are out of range | 104 (35) |
Perceived control of diabetes | |
No control | 42 (14) |
Some control | 96 (32) |
Completely under control | 161(54) |
Numeracy skills | |
Insufficient (DNT-15 score < 10) | 185 (62) |
Sufficient (DNT-15 score ≥ 11) | 114 (38) |
DNT-15 Score | |
---|---|
Age | −0.22 ** |
Body Mass Index | −0.2 ** |
Number of complications | −0.27 ** |
Single Item Literacy Screener | 0.41 ** |
Ability to afford treatment | 0.34 ** |
Ease of understanding diabetes-related information | 0.32 ** |
Exercise | 0.21 ** |
Healthy diet | 0.22 ** |
Perceived control of diabetes | 0.23 ** |
Frequency of blood glucose level measurement | 0.21 ** |
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Share and Cite
Bouclaous, C.; Azar, L.J.; Barmo, N.; Daher, R.; Tabaja, J.; El Hout, G.; Berika, L. Levels and Correlates of Numeracy Skills in Lebanese Adults with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710557
Bouclaous C, Azar LJ, Barmo N, Daher R, Tabaja J, El Hout G, Berika L. Levels and Correlates of Numeracy Skills in Lebanese Adults with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710557
Chicago/Turabian StyleBouclaous, Carmel, Luna Joe Azar, Nour Barmo, Ralph Daher, Jana Tabaja, Ghida El Hout, and Lina Berika. 2022. "Levels and Correlates of Numeracy Skills in Lebanese Adults with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710557
APA StyleBouclaous, C., Azar, L. J., Barmo, N., Daher, R., Tabaja, J., El Hout, G., & Berika, L. (2022). Levels and Correlates of Numeracy Skills in Lebanese Adults with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710557