The Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on PHQ Depression Screening Scores for High School Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Depression Screeners
2.2. Data Source
Screening Timing
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. PHQ-2
3.2. PHQ-9
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spring 20 | Fall 20 | Fall 21 | Spring 22 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
PHQ-2 results by Gender | ||||
Male | 230 (59.7) | 107 (73.8) | 121 (74.2) | 113 (48.3) |
Female | 155 (40.3) | 38 (26.2) | 40 (24.6) | 111 (47.4) |
Non-Binary | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 (2.6) |
Prefer not to reply | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (1.3) |
Female and Non-Binary | 0 | 0 | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.4) |
PHQ-2 by Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic | 261 (67.8) | 103 (71.0) | 83 (50.9) | 130 (55.6) |
Hispanic | 124 (32.2) | 42 (29.0) | 55 (33.7) | 87 (37.2) |
Prefer not to reply | 0 | 0 | 6 (3.7) | 2 (0.8) |
Blank/Did not answer | 0 | 0 | 19 (11.7) | 15 (6.4) |
PHQ-2 by Race | ||||
African American/Black | 58 (15.1) | 14 (9.65) | 25 (15.34) | 35 (14.96) |
Asian | 18 (4.7) | 2 (1.38) | 6 (3.68) | 21 (8.97) |
Caucasian | 140 (36.4) | 55 (37.93) | 69 (42.33) | 98 (41.88) |
Missing/Did Not specify | 97 (25.2) | 31 (21.38) | 21 (12.88) | 35 (14.96) |
Multiple Race | 56 (14.5) | 30 (20.69) | 31 (19.02) | 35 (14.96) |
Native American | 1 (0.3) | 0 | 1 (0.61) | 2 (0.85) |
Pacific Islander | 15 (3.9) | 13 (8.97) | 10 (6.14) | 8 (3.42) |
PHQ-2 by Number of Sports | ||||
Single | 378 (98.2) | 140 (96.6) | 160 (98.2) | 226 (96.6) |
Multiple | 7 (1.8) | 5 (3.5) | 3 (1.8) | 8 (3.4) |
PHQ-2 results by Grade | ||||
9th | 89 (23.1) | 67 (46.2) | 66 (40.5) | 71 (30.3) |
10th | 111 (28.8) | 32 (22.1) | 54 (33.1) | 70 (29.9) |
11th | 101 (26.2) | 19 (13.1) | 30 (18.4) | 50 (21.4) |
12th | 81 (21.1) | 27 (18.6) | 11 (6.8) | 43 (18.4) |
Blank/Did not answer | 3 (0.8) | 0 | 2 (1.2) | 0 |
PHQ-2 results by Age | ||||
13 | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.7) | 5 (3.1) | 0 |
14 | 58 (15.1) | 58 (0.40) | 54 (33.1) | 43 (18.4) |
15 | 113 (29.3) | 38 (26.2) | 60 (36.8) | 76 (32.5) |
16 | 93 (24.2) | 19 (13.1) | 33 (20.2) | 50 (21.4) |
17 | 86 (22.3) | 27 (18.6) | 11 (6.8) | 50 (21.4) |
18 | 34 (8.8) | 2 (1.4) | 0 | 14 (5.9) |
Blank/Did not answer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.4) |
PHQ-9 results by Gender | ||||
Male | 10 (40.0) | 12 (66.7) | 6 (42.9) | 5 (21.7) |
Female | 15 (60.0) | 6 (33.3) | 7 (50.0) | 13 (56.5) |
Non-Binary | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (8.7) |
Prefer not to reply | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (8.7) |
Female and Non-Binary | 0 | 0 | 1 (7.1) | 1 (4.4) |
PHQ-9 by Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic | 17 (68.0) | 10 (55.6) | 4 (28.6) | 9 (39.1) |
Hispanic | 8 (32.0) | 8 (44.4) | 6 (42.9) | 13 (56.5) |
Prefer not to reply | 0 | 0 | 1 (7.1) | 1 (4.4) |
Blank/Did not answer | 0 | 0 | 3 (21.4) | 0 |
PHQ-9 by Race | ||||
African American/Black | 5 (20) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (13) |
Asian | 1 (4) | . | . | 4 (17.4) |
Caucasian | 7 (28) | 8 (44.4) | 8 (57.1) | 12 (52.2) |
Missing/Did Not specify | 7 (28) | 4 (22.2) | 2 (14.3) | 0 |
Multiple Race | 3 (12) | 2 (11.1) | 2 (14.3) | 4 (17.4) |
Native American | 0 | 0 | 1 (7.1) | 0 |
Pacific Islander | 2 (8) | 2 (11.1) | 0 | 0 |
PHQ-9 by Number of Sports | ||||
Single | 25 (100) | 18 (100) | 14 (100) | 19 (82.6) |
Multiple | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (17.4) |
PHQ-9 results by Grade | ||||
9th | 5 (20.0) | 6 (33.3) | 5 (35.7) | 10 (43.5) |
10th | 8 (32.0) | 8 (44.4) | 5 (35.7) | 8 (34.8) |
11th | 6 (24.0) | 1 (5.6) | 3 (21.4) | 2 (8.7) |
12th | 6 (24.0) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (13) |
PHQ-9 results by Age | ||||
13 | 1 (4.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
14 | 2 (8.0) | 6 (33.3) | 2 (14.3) | 6 (26.1) |
15 | 8 (32.0) | 7 (38.9) | 7 (50.0) | 8 (34.8) |
16 | 5 (20.0) | 2 (11.1) | 4 (28.6) | 5 (21.7) |
17 | 6 (24.0) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (13.0) |
18 | 3 (12.0) | 1 (5.6) | 0 | 1 (4.4) |
Blank/Did not answer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Spring 20 | Fall 20 | Fall 21 | Spring 22 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mdn [25th, 75th] | n (%) | Mdn [25th, 75th] | n (%) | Mdn [25th, 75th] | n (%) | Mdn [25th, 75th] | |
PHQ-2 | ||||||||
0–2 | 363 (94.3) | 0 [0, 1] | 125 (86.2) | 0 [0, 1] | 149 (91.4) | 0 [0, 1] | 212 (90.6) | 0 [0, 1] |
3–6 | 22 (5.7) | 3 [3, 5] | 20 (13.8) | 3 [3, 4] | 14 (8.6) | 3 [3, 4] | 22 (9.4) | 3 [3, 4] |
PHQ-9 | ||||||||
0–4 | 6 (24.0) | 2.5 [0, 3] | 1 (5.6) | 2 [2, 2] | 0 | 0 | 2 (8.7) | 4 [4, 4] |
5–9 | 10 (40.0) | 7 [6, 9] | 9 (50.0) | 7 [6, 9] | 6 (42.9) | 6 [5, 8] | 7 (30.4) | 7 [6, 8] |
10–14 | 2 (8.0) | 11.5 [11, 12] | 3 (16.7) | 10 [10, 14] | 8 (57.1) | 11.5 [10.5, 13] | 6 (26.1) | 11.5 [11, 13] |
15–19 | 3 (12.0) | 16 [15, 17] | 5 (27.8) | 17 [17, 19] | 0 | 0 | 7 (30.4) | 16 [15, 18] |
20–27 | 4 (16.0) | 22.5 [21, 23] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.4) | 20 [20, 20] |
Variables | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
Pre-COVID Comparison | ||
Spring 2020 | ||
Fall 2020 | 3.7 | [1.8, 7.6] |
Fall 2021 | 1.6 | [0.7, 3.5] |
Spring 2022 | 1.2 | [0.6, 2.4] |
Sport Type | ||
Individual | ||
Team | 0.7 | [0.4, 1.2] |
Ethnicity | ||
Non-Hispanic | ||
Hispanic | 1.5 | [1.0, 2.0] |
Gender | ||
Male | ||
Female | 2.2 | [1.4, 3.7] |
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Adams, D.P.; Holt, J.R.; Martin, J.A.; Houpy, D.M.; Hollenbach, K.A. The Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on PHQ Depression Screening Scores for High School Athletes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169943
Adams DP, Holt JR, Martin JA, Houpy DM, Hollenbach KA. The Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on PHQ Depression Screening Scores for High School Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):9943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169943
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdams, Devin P., Jasmine R. Holt, Jenna A. Martin, Danielle M. Houpy, and Kathryn A. Hollenbach. 2022. "The Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on PHQ Depression Screening Scores for High School Athletes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 9943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169943