How Daily Obstacles Affect Frontline Healthcare Professionals’ Mental Health during Omicron: A Daily Diary Study of Handwashing Behavior
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory and Hypotheses Development
2.1. Coping Theory
2.2. COVID-19 Phobia, Burnout, Work-Related Stress, and Mental Health
2.3. Mediating Role of Burnout and Work-Related Stress
2.4. Handwashing as a Moderator
3. Method
3.1. Sampling and Data Collection Procedures
3.2. Measurement Scale
3.2.1. COVID-19 Phobia Scale
3.2.2. Work Stress Questionnaire
3.2.3. Mental Health
3.2.4. Burnout
3.2.5. Handwashing Frequency
4. Results
4.1. Validation of Measurement Model
4.2. Hypothesis Testing
4.2.1. Mediating Effects of Burnout and Work-Related Stress
4.2.2. Moderating Effect of Handwashing
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Contribution
5.2. Practical Implications
5.3. Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Day 1 M (SD) | Day 2 M (SD) | Day 3 M (SD) | Day 4 M (SD) | Day 5 M (SD) | Day 6 M (SD) | Day 7 M (SD) | Day 8 M (SD) | Day 9 M (SD) | Day 10 M (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C-19P | 19.81 (2.11) | 19.17 (2.71) | 19.19 (2.69) | 19.72 (2.33) | 19.49 (2.43) | 19.36 (2.60) | 19.12 (2.86) | 19.31 (2.58) | 19.87 (2.11) | 19.27 (2.37) |
Burnout | 18.23 (2.67) | 18.92 (2.07) | 18.57 (2.41) | 18.18 (2.81) | 18.84 (2.14) | 18.49 (2.51) | 18.58 (2.35) | 18.18 (2.79) | 18.57 (2.42) | 18.90 (2.09) |
MH | 4.38 (1.61) | 4.64 (1.35) | 4.58 (1.39) | 4.63 (1.32) | 4.40 (1.57) | 4.71 (1.28) | 4.17 (1.81) | 4.30 (1.68) | 4.09 (1.92) | 4.23 (1.63) |
WRS | 19.46 (2.51) | 19.09 (2.90) | 19.32 (2.67) | 19.81 (2.66) | 19.71 (2.29) | 19.26 (2.68) | 19.64 (2.38) | 19.10 (2.82) | 19.28 (2.68) | 19.42 (2.49) |
HW | 1.21 (1.80) | 1.61 (1.29) | 0.89 (1.02) | 1.88 (0.98) | 1.72 (1.34) | 1.41 (1.52) | 0.96 (1.89) | 1.18 (1.72) | 1.80 (1.18) | 0.88 (1.92) |
Variables | N | Percentage | Variables | N | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Nature of Job | ||||
Male | 41 | 51.9 | Radiologist | 18 | 22.8 |
Female | 38 | 48.1 | Pharmacist | 14 | 17.7 |
Age | Cardiologist | 12 | 15.2 | ||
Young adult | 46 | 58.2 | Oncologist | 11 | 13.9 |
Middle adult | 21 | 26.6 | Nurses | 24 | 30.4 |
Older adult | 12 | 15.2 | Marital status | ||
Job experience | Single | 44 | 55.7 | ||
1–5 years | 13 | 16.5 | Married | 35 | 44.3 |
6–10 years | 28 | 35.4 | Family status | ||
11–15 years | 28 | 35.4 | Higher | 42 | 53.2 |
16–20 years | 10 | 12.7 | Lower | 37 | 46.8 |
Constructs | F. L | Cronbach α | C. R | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|
C-19P | 0.842–0.939 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.71 |
Burnout | 0.823–0.886 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.88 |
Mental Health | 0.916–0.626 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.68 |
WRS | 0.769–0.857 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.85 |
Handwashing | 0.937–0.959 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.87 |
Variables | Within-Person Variance (e2) | Between-Person Variance (r2) | % of the Within-Person Variance | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C-19P | 0.61 | 0.38 | 61.81 | (0.79) | ||||
Burnout | 0.84 | 0.97 | 44.71 | 0.88 ** | (0.93) | |||
Mental Health | 3.80 | 3.05 | 67.52 | −0.63 ** | −0.53 ** | (0.89) | ||
WRS | 2.97 | 2.99 | 59.83 | 0.96 ** | 0.91 ** | −0.60 ** | (0.91) | |
Handwashing | 0.39 | 0.62 | 58.92 | 0.32 | 0.82 | 27 ** | 0.19 | (0.87) |
M | 55.82 | 66.26 | 81.71 | 80.02 | 26.02 | |||
SD | 8.72 | 7.71 | 9.15 | 9.04 | 1.04 |
Direct and Indirect Effects of COVID-19 Phobia on Mental Health through Burnout and Work-Related Stress | β | LLCI | ULCI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C-19P | Mental Health | −0.53 *** | 0.67 | 0.28 | |
C-19P | Burnout | Mental Health | −0.45 ** | 0.53 | 0.32 |
C-19P | Mental Health | −0.40 *** | 0.43 | 0.17 | |
C-19P | WRS | Mental health | −0.29 ** | 0.36 | 0.15 |
Variables | B | SE | t | p | R2/Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HW × C-19P on Mental health | −0.34 | 0.053 | 5.71 | 0.01 | 0.06 ** |
HW × WRS on Mental health | 0.032 | 0.028 | 0.921 | 0.06 | 0.05 ns |
HW × Burnout on Mental health | −0.13 | 0.071 | 3.82 | 0.01 | 0.08 ** |
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Khan, N.H.; Hassan, S.; Bahader, S.; Fatima, S.; Zaidi, S.M.I.H.; Virk, R.; Jiang, K.; Jiang, E. How Daily Obstacles Affect Frontline Healthcare Professionals’ Mental Health during Omicron: A Daily Diary Study of Handwashing Behavior. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148748
Khan NH, Hassan S, Bahader S, Fatima S, Zaidi SMIH, Virk R, Jiang K, Jiang E. How Daily Obstacles Affect Frontline Healthcare Professionals’ Mental Health during Omicron: A Daily Diary Study of Handwashing Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148748
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Nazeer Hussain, Sajid Hassan, Sher Bahader, Sidra Fatima, Syed Muhammad Imran Haider Zaidi, Razia Virk, Kexin Jiang, and Enshe Jiang. 2022. "How Daily Obstacles Affect Frontline Healthcare Professionals’ Mental Health during Omicron: A Daily Diary Study of Handwashing Behavior" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148748
APA StyleKhan, N. H., Hassan, S., Bahader, S., Fatima, S., Zaidi, S. M. I. H., Virk, R., Jiang, K., & Jiang, E. (2022). How Daily Obstacles Affect Frontline Healthcare Professionals’ Mental Health during Omicron: A Daily Diary Study of Handwashing Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148748