The Prevalence and Development of Neck and Lower Back Pain and Associated Factors in Dentistry Students—A Long-Term Prospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1st Year | 3rd Year | 5th Year | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Mild | Moderate | Severe | No | Mild | Moderate | Severe | No | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
% (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | |
Head | 57.5 (42) | 28.8 (21) | 13.7 (10) | 0 (0) | 65.8 (48) | 26.0 (19) | 8.2 (6) | 0 (0) | 52.1 (38) | 34.2 (25) | 11.0 (8) | 2.7 (2) |
Neck | 53.4 (39) | 32.9 (24) | 13.7 (10) | 0 (0) | 47.9 (35) | 41.1 (30) | 11.0 (8) | 0 (0) | 38.4 (28) | 41.1 (30) | 20.5 (15) | 0 (0) |
Upper back | 76.7 (56) | 17.8 (13) | 5.5 (4) | 0 (0) | 67.1 (49) | 24.7 (18) | 8.2 (6) | 0 (0) | 67.1 (49) | 24.7 (18) | 6.8 (5) | 1.4 (1) |
Lower back | 57.5 (42) | 38.4 (28) | 4.1 (3) | 0 (0) | 52.1 (38) | 39.7 (29) | 8.2 (6) | 0 (0) | 50.7 (37) | 38.4 (28) | 9.6 (7) | 1.4 (1) |
Shoulders | 83.6 (61) | 12.3 (9) | 2.7 (2) | 1.4 (1) | 76.7 (56) | 16.4 (12) | 6.8 (5) | 0 (0) | 75.3 (55) | 20.5 (15) | 2.7 (2) | 1.4 (1) |
Elbows | 97.3 (71) | 2.7 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 95.9 (70) | 2.7 (2) | 1.4 (1) | 0 (0) | 94.5 (69) | 4.1 (3) | 1.4 (1) | 0 (0) |
Wrists/hands | 91.8 (67) | 5.5 (4) | 1.4 (1) | 1.4 (1) | 79.5 (58) | 16.4 (12) | 4.1 (3) | 0 (0) | 74.0 (54) | 23.3 (17) | 1.4 (1) | 1.4 (1) |
Hips/tights | 86.3 (63) | 11.0 (8) | 2.7 (2) | 0 (0) | 83.6 (61) | 12.3 (9) | 4.1 (3) | 0 (0) | 83.6 (61) | 12.3 (9) | 0 (0) | 4.1 (3) |
Knees | 78.1 (57) | 15.1 (11) | 4.1 (3) | 2.7 (2) | 72.6 (53) | 23.3 (17) | 4.1 (3) | 0 (0) | 75.3 (55) | 19.2 (14) | 4.1 (3) | 1.4 (1) |
Ankles/feet | 94.5 (69) | 4.1 (3) | 1.4 (1) | 0 (0) | 95.9 (70) | 2.7 (2) | 1.4 (1) | 0 (0) | 93.2 (68) | 5.5 (4) | 1.4 (1) | 0 (0) |
1st Year | 3rd Year | 5th Year | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Gender (men) | 1.12 (0.38, 3.27) | 0.83 | 2.03 (0.68, 6.02) | 0.2 | 2.57 (0.87, 7.62) | 0.087 |
Age | 1.18 (0.76, 1.83) | 0.45 | 1.15 (0.77, 1.71) | 0.49 | 1.20 (0.77, 1.87) | 0.4 |
Height | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 0.98 | 0.97 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.63 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.53 |
Height—men | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | 0.39 | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 0.54 | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 0.46 |
Height—women | 0.98 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.69 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.10) | 0.92 | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 0.86 |
Actual weight—men | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 0.35 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 0.34 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.13) | 0.25 |
Actual weight—women | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 0.94 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.61 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.71 |
Weight increase | 0.71 (0.25, 2.04) | 0.73 | 1.14 (0.41, 3.19) | 0.94 | ||
Weight decrease | 1.20 (0.32, 4.44) | 0.85 (0.17, 4.33) | ||||
General disease | 1.64 (0.44, 6.18) | 0.46 | 0.57 (0.15, 2.15) | 0.4 | 1.85 (0.60, 5.67) | 0.28 |
Chronic medication | 1.61 (0.55, 4.71) | 0.38 | 1.05 (0.35, 3.11) | 0.93 | 0.38 (0.11, 1.33) | 0.12 |
Dominant hand (right) | 0.63 (0.13, 3.01) | 0.56 | 1.09 (0.21, 5.81) | 0.92 | 1.68 (0.31, 8.97) | 0.55 |
Diseases of musculoskeletal system in blood relatives | 0.92 (0.37, 2.32) | 0.86 | 1.12 (0.43, 2.92) | 0.82 | 0.81 (0.31, 2.12) | 0.67 |
Past disease or trauma of musculoskeletal system | 1.60 (0.33, 7.72) | 0.56 | 0.90 (0.28, 2.90) | 0.86 | 1.30 (0.35, 4.79) | 0.69 |
Top-level sport | 2.29 (0.73, 7.17) | 0.15 | 5.89 (1.19, 29.17) | 0.013 | 9.82 (1.20, 80.37) | 0.0059 |
Regular sporting activities | 2.28 (0.70, 7.40) | 0.16 | 1.10 (0.29, 4.18) | 0.89 | 0.19 (0.04, 0.92) | 0.018 |
Awareness of MSDs among dentists | 1.17 (0.46, 2.93) | 0.74 | 1.48 (0.59, 3.73) | 0.4 | 0.88 (0.34, 2.25) | 0.78 |
Considering the range of ergonomic education as sufficient | 1.11 (0.35, 3.55) | 0.86 | 0.67 (0.21, 2.19) | 0.5 |
1st Year | 3rd Year | 5th Year | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Gender (men) | 1.67 (0.55, 5.08) | 0.36 | 1.21 (0.41, 3.51) | 0.73 | 0.96 (0.33, 2.80) | 0.95 |
Age | 1.02 (0.67, 1.55) | 0.92 | 1.37 (0.87, 2.16) | 0.14 | 2.29 (1.23, 4.29) | 0.0021 |
Height | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) | 0.26 | 0.96 (0.90, 1.01) | 0.13 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.97 |
Height—men | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) | 0.23 | 0.98 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.67 | 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) | 0.16 |
Height—women | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.074 | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.068 | 0.95 (0.86, 1.06) | 0.22 |
Actual weight—men | 1.09 (0.99, 1.20) | 0.047 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.8 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.09) | 0.7 |
Actual weight—women | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.6 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.2 | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | 0.045 |
Weight increase | 0.60 (0.21, 1.76) | 0.23 | 0.68 (0.25, 1.84) | 0.7 | ||
Weight decrease | 2.11 (0.54, 8.16) | 0.65 (0.13, 3.27) | ||||
General disease | 1.35 (0.36, 5.09) | 0.65 | 0.73 (0.20, 2.65) | 0.63 | 0.70 (0.23, 2.14) | 0.53 |
Chronic medication | 1.50 (0.51, 4.37) | 0.46 | 0.95 (0.32, 2.83) | 0.93 | 1.54 (0.44, 5.41) | 0.49 |
Dominant hand (right) | 0.98 (0.20, 4.74) | 0.98 | 0.43 (0.07, 2.51) | 0.33 | 2.06 (0.35, 12.02) | 0.41 |
Diseases of musculoskeletal system in blood relatives | 0.63 (0.25, 1.62) | 0.34 | 0.33 (0.12, 0.91) | 0.027 | 1.86 (0.72, 4.82) | 0.2 |
Past disease or trauma of musculoskeletal system | 1.93 (0.40, 9.31) | 0.41 | 1.11 (0.35, 3.55) | 0.86 | 1.54 (0.44, 5.41) | 0.49 |
Top-level sport | 4.07 (1.24, 13.36) | 0.016 | 0.48 (0.13, 1.78) | 0.26 | 1.83 (0.54, 6.24) | 0.33 |
Regular sporting activities | 1.30 (0.42, 4.07) | 0.65 | 0.91 (0.24, 3.45) | 0.89 | 1.14 (0.37, 3.56) | 0.82 |
Awareness of MSDs among dentists | 0.66 (0.26, 1.67) | 0.38 | 0.90 (0.30, 2.73) | 0.85 | 1.33 (0.44, 4.05) | 0.61 |
Considering the range of ergonomic education as sufficient | 0.90 (0.28, 2.90) | 0.86 | 0.97 (0.32, 2.93) | 0.95 |
1st Year | 3rd Year | 5th Year | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Gender (men) | 1.33 (0.24, 7.27) | 0.74 | 2.74 (0.41, 18.14) | 0.28 | 6.98 (0.65, 74.40) | 0.08 |
Age | 1.09 (0.66, 1.78) | 0.74 | 1.06 (0.65, 1.73) | 0.81 | 1.15 (0.68, 1.94) | 0.59 |
Height | 0.99 (0.88, 1.10) | 0.81 | 0.92 (0.82, 1.04) | 0.18 | 0.95 (0.85, 1.08) | 0.45 |
Actual weight | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 0.75 | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18) | 0.073 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 0.21 |
Weight increase | 0.58 (0.15, 2.18) | 0.67 | 1.71 (0.43, 6.74) | 0.73 | ||
Weight decrease | 1.17 (0.26, 5.29) | 0.92 (0.10, 8.81) | ||||
General disease | 3.26 (0.59, 18.06) | 0.16 | 0.26 (0.03, 2.08) | 0.19 | 1.23 (0.13, 11.62) | 0.86 |
Chronic medication | 2.75 (0.64, 11.91) | 0.17 | 0.38 (0.07. 2.10) | 0.26 | 0.39 (0.03, 4.34) | 0.44 |
Dominant hand (right) | 0.53 (0.08, 3.58) | 0.51 | 1.83 (0.20, 16.59) | 0.59 | 4.23 (0.30, 60.22) | 0.27 |
Diseases of musculoskeletal system in blood relatives | 1.10 (0.38, 3.20) | 0.86 | 1.00 (0.30, 3.33) | 0.99 | 0.82 (0.24, 2.81) | 0.76 |
Past disease or trauma of musculoskeletal system | 1.23 (0.20, 7.66) | 0.82 | 0.85 (0.20, 3.60) | 0.82 | 0.85 (0.12, 6.11) | 0.87 |
Top-level sport | 2.44 (0.64, 9.33) | 0.19 | 11.93 (1.89, 75.26) | 0.0026 | 21.47 (1.84, 250.92) | 0.002 |
Regular sporting activities | 2.75 (0.70, 10.85) | 0.14 | 0.85 (0.15, 4.84) | 0.85 | 0.14 (0.02, 0.89) | 0.018 |
Awareness of MSDs among dentists | 0.99 (0.32, 3.06) | 0.99 | 1.72 (0.53, 5.66) | 0.37 | 1.12 (0.30, 4.13) | 0.87 |
Considering the range of ergonomic education as sufficient | 1.50 (0.39, 5.84) | 0.56 | 0.81 (0.14, 4.67) | 0.81 | ||
Whole model | 0.74 | 0.47 | 0.04996 |
1st Year | 3rd Year | 5th Year | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Gender (men) | 3.42 (0.40, 29.49) | 0.24 | 0.66 (0.10, 4.50) | 0.67 | 0.25 (0.04, 1.67) | 0.14 |
Age | 0.87 (0.51, 1.46) | 0.59 | 1.45 (0.79, 2.67) | 0.19 | 2.16 (1.00, 4.65) | 0.015 |
Height | 0.84 (0.73, 0.96) | 0.0068 | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) | 0.38 | 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) | 0.64 |
Actual weight | 1.13 (1.02, 1.25) | 0.0098 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.98 | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) | 0.17 |
Weight increase | 0.52 (0.13, 2.07) | 0.2 | 0.66 (0.18, 2.47) | 0.43 | ||
Weight decrease | 2.84 (0.58, 13.94) | 0.27 (0.03, 2.29) | ||||
General disease | 1.34 (0.23, 7.93) | 0.75 | 0.36 (0.05, 2.86) | 0.33 | 1.13 (0.14, 9.22) | 0.91 |
Chronic medication | 1.39 (0.30, 6.35) | 0.67 | 0.31 (0.05, 1.81) | 0.18 | 1.14 (0.11, 12.04) | 0.92 |
Dominant hand (right) | 0.78 (0.10, 6.17) | 0.81 | 0.18 (0.02, 1.95) | 0.14 | 4.70 (0.36, 61.79) | 0.22 |
Diseases of musculoskeletal system in blood relatives | 0.53 (0.16, 1.69) | 0.28 | 0.29 (0.08, 0.96) | 0.037 | 1.97 (0.59, 6.60) | 0.27 |
Past disease or trauma of musculoskeletal system | 1.07 (0.13, 8.62) | 0.95 | 1.12 (0.27, 4.61) | 0.88 | 1.46 (0.29, 7.33) | 0.65 |
Top-level sport | 9.36 (1.88, 46.63) | 0.003 | 0.56 (0.11, 2.94) | 0.48 | 2.67 (0.51, 14.04) | 0.24 |
Regular sporting activities | 1.06 (0.25, 4.47) | 0.93 | 2.22 (0.39, 12.75) | 0.37 | 0.76 (0.16, 3.52) | 0.72 |
Awareness of MSDs among dentists | 0.72 (0.21, 2.51) | 0.6 | 1.29 (0.40, 4.16) | 0.68 | 3.91 (1.10, 13.88) | 0.028 |
Considering the range of ergonomic education as sufficient | 0.62 (0.16, 2.42) | 0.49 | 0.85 (0.20, 3.56) | 0.83 | ||
Whole model | 0.071 | 0.29 | 0.15 |
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Hodačová, L.; Pilbauerová, N.; Čermáková, E.; Machač, S.; Schmidt, J.; Hodač, J.; Kapitán, M. The Prevalence and Development of Neck and Lower Back Pain and Associated Factors in Dentistry Students—A Long-Term Prospective Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148539
Hodačová L, Pilbauerová N, Čermáková E, Machač S, Schmidt J, Hodač J, Kapitán M. The Prevalence and Development of Neck and Lower Back Pain and Associated Factors in Dentistry Students—A Long-Term Prospective Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148539
Chicago/Turabian StyleHodačová, Lenka, Nela Pilbauerová, Eva Čermáková, Stanislav Machač, Jan Schmidt, Jan Hodač, and Martin Kapitán. 2022. "The Prevalence and Development of Neck and Lower Back Pain and Associated Factors in Dentistry Students—A Long-Term Prospective Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148539